NYSTCE ESOL CST EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWERS UPDATED FOR 2024/2024 (100% SOLVED)

NYSTCE ESOL CST EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWERS UPDATED FOR 2024/2024 (100% SOLVED) Intonation - Correct Answer-the way the voice rises and falls in speech morpheme - Correct Answer-the smallest unit of meaning in a language Abraham Maslow - Correct Answer-developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the unconscious desires that motivate people subordinating conjunction - Correct Answer-joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to which it is related voiceless sounds - Correct Answer-sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords Howard Gardner - Correct Answer-created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential independent (or main) clause - Correct Answer-a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence one-word stage - Correct Answer-stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a single word to convey a full meaning humor stage - Correct Answer-stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture SIFE - Correct Answer-Students with Interrupted Formal Education labial consonant sound - Correct Answer-sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together (m) gerund phrase - Correct Answer-phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as nouns) connotation - Correct Answer-the emotional association of a word helping verb - Correct Answer-verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred) Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - Correct Answer-an individually administered assessment that measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal analogies, and letter-word identification Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - Correct Answer-an oral-based approach to language instruction developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition NYSTCE ESOL CST EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWERS UPDATED FOR 2024/2024 (100% SOLVED) phonetics - Correct Answer-the study of the production of sounds in speech silent way - Correct Answer-teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over teaching dependent (or subordinate) clause - Correct Answer-a clause that cannot stand alone as its own sentence inferential item - Correct Answer-a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the lines in order to determine what an author is implying communicative competence - Correct Answer-the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure two-word stage - Correct Answer-stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use word combinations early stage of literacy development - Correct Answer-characterized by the learner's use of multiple strategies to predict and understand words intermediate fluency - Correct Answer-fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors free morpheme - Correct Answer-a morpheme that can stand on its own literal item - Correct Answer-information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material where the answer is defined word by word monitor hypothesis - Correct Answer-knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech validity - Correct Answer-indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable scaffold - Correct Answer-the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is gradually removed as the learner gains mastery positive behavioral support - Correct Answer-a social learning approach that assumes all persistent behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - Correct Answer-language needed for academic work and study natural order hypothesis - Correct Answer-one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners classic conditioning - Correct Answer-learning a response to stimuli or the environment assimilation - Correct Answer-when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds passive voice - Correct Answer-a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is receiving the action of the main verb Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - Correct Answer-social skills students use in everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school norm referenced - Correct Answer-a test that measures students in comparison with other students of the same age integrative services - Correct Answer-a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed assistance Lau v. Nichols - Correct Answer-This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities; the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the language needs of non-English-speaking students. total physical response (TPR) - Correct Answer-an instructional method that provides students, particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to and following spoken comands bound morpheme - Correct Answer-a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning sociolinguistics - Correct Answer-the study of language and its relation to society and culture sheltered instruction - Correct Answer-provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - Correct Answer-1973 Supreme Court decision ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation as had only previously been given to African American students infinitive phrase - Correct Answer-a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb extrinsic motivation - Correct Answer-motivation driven by external rewards English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - Correct Answer-identify the target language development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning discourse competence - Correct Answer-the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles clause - Correct Answer-contains both a subject and a predicate relative pronoun - Correct Answer-a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in Texas, which is a big state.) utterances - Correct Answer-speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence indirect teaching - Correct Answer-student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates opportunities for students to construct their own learning linguistic relativism - Correct Answer-the belief that language only partially influences human thought and action WIDA - Correct Answer-(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics and language learning thematic unit - Correct Answer-integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme antecedent - Correct Answer-the noun a pronoun replaces cloze procedure - Correct Answer-the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading comprehension activity differentiation - Correct Answer-providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs, including learning styles and level induction - Correct Answer-process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error listening guides - Correct Answer-statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction Language Experience Approach (LEA) - Correct Answer-uses learners' prior knowledge and experiences to generate specific lessons that are designed to enhance the learning of each individual student cooperative learning - Correct Answer-when the teacher places students into small groups and gives them a task to complete together discovery learning - Correct Answer-when students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts diagnostic assessment - Correct Answer-given before a learning experience to measure the students' baseline knowledge cognates - Correct Answer-visually similar words schema - Correct Answer-the framework of understanding in a child's brain underextension - Correct Answer-when a child's definition of a word is too narrow strategic competence - Correct Answer-the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting guided practice - Correct Answer-practicing a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher English-Language Learner (ELL) - Correct Answer-student whose native language is not English monochronic cultures - Correct Answer-culture in which time is seen as linear, with one event happening at a time Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) - Correct Answer-federal law that prohibits schools from sharing identifiable information about students formative assessment - Correct Answer-informal assessments that are used throughout the learning experiences to help teachers make instructional decisions and to provide feedback to students self-actualization - Correct Answer-the final state in Maslow's hierarchy of needs; the individual has realized their potential and seeks fulfillment and growth inflectional morphemes - Correct Answer-bound morphemes that do not greatly alter a word's meaning or part of speech behaviorist theory - Correct Answer-suggests that repeated exposure to stimuli can create learning; the more frequently a behavior is performed the more quickly it will become habit World Englishes - Correct Answer-localized varieties of English, particularly those that have developed in territories under the influence of the UK or the US cultural bias - Correct Answer-occurs when a test offends or penalizes a test taker due to items related to socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity gerund - Correct Answer-noun that is formed by adding "-ing" to a verb fluency stage - Correct Answer-stage of literacy development; characterized by the ability to maintain meaning throughout longer and more complex texts EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: push-in ESOL programs - Correct Answer-when ESOL teachers travel to content classrooms, providing additional support and services to language learners; intended to maximize the time English language learners spend in general education content classrooms Edward Thorndike - Correct Answer-researcher whose work initially led to operant conditioning; his learning laws include the law of effect, the law of readiness, and the law of exercise epenthesis - Correct Answer-inserting an additional sound in the middle of a word Lawrence Kohlberg - Correct Answer-identified the stages of moral development emergent literacy stage - Correct Answer-stage of literacy development; the competencies that are developed in early childhood and preschool cognitive process - Correct Answer-acquisition of new knowledge and skills and the ability to apply new learning to new situations and draw conclusions from it preoperational stage - Correct Answer-2nd stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; 2-7 years of age; a child's intelligence is progressively demonstrated through his or her use of symbols hostility stage - Correct Answer-stage of acculturation; students are getting comfortable with getting around and meeting basic needs, but they may feel at odds with the new culture and may be homesick concrete operational stage - Correct Answer-3rd stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory; 7-11 years of age; children demonstrate increased intelligence through logical and organized methods of thinking input hypothesis - Correct Answer-1 of the 5 hypotheses of the monitor model; states that comprehensible input is necessary for students who are in the process of acquiring a new language voicing - Correct Answer-when a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant because of nearby sounds advanced fluency - Correct Answer-fifth stage of SLA; learners have achieved CLP in their learned language; they demonstrate near-native ability and use complex, multiphrase and multiclause sentences to convey their ideas connected speech - Correct Answer-when speakers simplify sounds and run words together Language Assessment Scales (LAS) - Correct Answer-designed to measure the oral proficiency and reading and writing abilities of K-12 students; measure content such as vocabulary, listening comprehension, and story retelling and are available in both English and Spanish preproduction - Correct Answer-1st stage of SLA; learners may refrain from speaking but will listen and may copy words down and respond to visual cues EMAIL ME: Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) - Correct Answer-replaced the NCLB Act; deemphasized standardized testing for ELLs language modeling - Correct Answer-providing accurate examples of speech and language for language learners register - Correct Answer-a variety of a language used in a particular setting communicative approach - Correct Answer-a combination of several methods of language instruction based on the notion that successful language acquisition comes from the need to communicate real meaning intrinsic motivation - Correct Answer-one's personal drive to succeed or learn Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - Correct Answer-prohibits discrimination based on disabilities; in schools, this includes activities that take place both on and off campus, including athletics and extracurricular activities complex sentence - Correct Answer-has only one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses sensorimotor stage - Correct Answer-1st stage of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; B-2 years of age; a child's knowledge is based upon physical interactions and experiences remediation - Correct Answer-the additional support provided to regular education students to bridge gaps in learning positive transfer - Correct Answer-when students find similarities between their native language and English and use those similarities to aid in their learning compound-complex sentence - Correct Answer-has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses and one or more dependent clause determiner - Correct Answer-the articles "a," "an," and "the" morpheme acquisition order - Correct Answer-the pattern in which morphemes are learned as people acquire language poverty of stimulus - Correct Answer-assertion by Noam Chomsky that children are not born with enough exposure to their native languages to explain their ability to understand phonemes, and therefore this exposure cannot account for the sum of their learned language connectionism - Correct Answer-holds that language comprehension and production abilities develop through continual engagement with language grapheme - Correct Answer-symbol used to represent phonemes early production stage - Correct Answer-2nd stage of SLA; learners achieve a 1,000-word receptive and active vocabulary and can produce single-word and 2- to 3-word phrases EMAIL ME: home language survey - Correct Answer-short form that is sent home as part of a school enrollment packet; used by school districts to determine the primary languages spoken in students' homes transfer - Correct Answer-applying knowledge of a first language to another; can be both positive and negative verbal prompting - Correct Answer-using words or beginning phonemes to assist students place of articulation - Correct Answer-the point where two speech organs come together to make a sound summative assessment - Correct Answer-formal or informal assessments that evaluate student achievement after learning takes place reinforcement - Correct Answer-the process of strengthening behavior through rewards or consequences interdisciplinary unit - Correct Answer-a unit of student in which content from all subject areas is integrated authentic materials - Correct Answer-materials intended for use by native language speakers and not second-language learners productive language skills - Correct Answer-abilities related to producing comprehensible language from within, such as in writing and speaking tasks home stage - Correct Answer-stage of acculturation; students are comfortable within their new culture and embrace it as home receptive language skills - Correct Answer-abilities related to understanding language that is received from an external source, such as oral directions and commentary, visuals, sounds, and written words adverb clause - Correct Answer-a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main or independent clause of a sentence interjection - Correct Answer-word that expresses emotion, such as "Oh" or "Wow" derivational morpheme - Correct Answer-morpheme that creates a word that has a new meaning or part of speech whole language approach - Correct Answer-the idea that learners should start at the top and work their way down, meaning that language should be considered in its complete form prior to being broken down into smaller pieces transitive verb - Correct Answer-verb that requires a direct object voiced sound - Correct Answer-sound made by vibrating the vocal chords EMAIL ME: assertive discipline - Correct Answer-a classroom management technique in which the teacher takes clear control over the classroom and its dynamics individualized education plan (IEP) - Correct Answer-an annual meeting for each special education student that outlines the student's learning goals and identifies the accommodations and modifications that will be offered to the student No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) - Correct Answer-Title III of NCLB required that LEP students be placed in a language instruction education program, and it defined what constitutes a language program interlanguage - Correct Answer-the learner's present understanding of the language he or she is learning; a rule-based system that blends aspects of the learner's first language with those of the second discrete language skills - Correct Answer-aspects of language that are governed by rules such as phonics, grammar, and syntax transformational grammar - Correct Answer-revolutionized the study of language by turning the focus away from semiotics and meaning, toward the system of rules that dictate proper sentence construction task-based instruction (TBI) - Correct Answer-lessons are designed around the completion of tasks that are either assigned by instructors or selected by students; tasks are usually defined as activities that are carried out by learners using their language knowledge and resources constructivism - Correct Answer-when students construct their own knowledge through learning experiences false cognates - Correct Answer-words that appear similar but are different in meaning syntax - Correct Answer-how words are arranged into phrases and sentences correlative conjunction - Correct Answer-whether/or, either/or, both/and, not only/but also; functions like a coordinating conjunction