Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen University
1. Stages of general adaptation syndrome: 1.
Alarm Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistanc
e
Adaptation
Limit
stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation
failing Disease
develops
2. Edema: Excess fluid in the interstitial space
3. Dehydration (ECF volume deficit): Can occur independently without
electrolyte defects
,Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of
blood solutes Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
4. Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit: Decreased fluid in the intravascular
space
5. Hypotonic Hydration: (fluid overload)
6. Causes of Fluid Deficit: Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid
replacement Excessive fluid
or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged
hyperventilation Hemor- rhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes
insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of
diuretics Osmotic diuresis
7. Deydration Manisfestations: thirst, altered level of consciousness,
hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular veins,
dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss,
,and sunken fontanelles
8. Cancer Benign: Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles
host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause
death
9. Cancer Malignant: Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly,
fatal, highly undifferentiated
10.Sodium: Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
•Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
•Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base
balance.
, •Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
•Main source is dietary intake.
•Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
11.Hypernatremia: Sodium > 145
mEq/L Serum osmolarity increases
•Results in fluid shifts
12.Causes of Hypernatremia: Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV
saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's
syndrome
Corticosteroid
use Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of
hyperventilation Diuretic use
Diabetes insipidus Decreased
water ingestion
Loss of thirst
sensation Inability
1. Stages of general adaptation syndrome: 1.
Alarm Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistanc
e
Adaptation
Limit
stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation
failing Disease
develops
2. Edema: Excess fluid in the interstitial space
3. Dehydration (ECF volume deficit): Can occur independently without
electrolyte defects
,Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of
blood solutes Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
4. Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit: Decreased fluid in the intravascular
space
5. Hypotonic Hydration: (fluid overload)
6. Causes of Fluid Deficit: Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid
replacement Excessive fluid
or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged
hyperventilation Hemor- rhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes
insipidus Burns Open wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of
diuretics Osmotic diuresis
7. Deydration Manisfestations: thirst, altered level of consciousness,
hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular veins,
dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss,
,and sunken fontanelles
8. Cancer Benign: Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles
host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause
death
9. Cancer Malignant: Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly,
fatal, highly undifferentiated
10.Sodium: Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
•Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
•Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base
balance.
, •Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
•Main source is dietary intake.
•Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
11.Hypernatremia: Sodium > 145
mEq/L Serum osmolarity increases
•Results in fluid shifts
12.Causes of Hypernatremia: Excessive sodium ingestion Hypertonic IV
saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's
syndrome
Corticosteroid
use Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of
hyperventilation Diuretic use
Diabetes insipidus Decreased
water ingestion
Loss of thirst
sensation Inability
