Cognitive Neuroscience Ch. 3 Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience

Cognitive Neuroscience Ch. 3 Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience optogenetics - answera procedure in which a genetic manipulation is performed that will result in the expression of a photosensitive protein. the experimenter can then activate the neurons by exposing the tissue to light. the genetic manipulation can be modified such that the protein expression is limited to particular neural regions cognitive psychology - answerthe branch of psychology that studies how the mind internally represents the external world and performs the mental computations required for all aspects of thinking. professionals study the vast set of mental operations associated with such things as perception, attention, memory, language, and problem solving angiography - answeran imaging method used to evaluate the circulatory system in the brain cerebral vascular accidents - answera rapid loss of brain function due to a compromise in the blood supply to the brain secondary to arterial occlusion or hemorrhage brain lesions - answerstructural damage to the white or gray matter of the brain. can result from many causes, including tumor, stroke, and degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease degenerative disorders - answerdisorders or diseases, either genetic or environmental, in which the function or structure of the affected tissues will continue to deteriorate over time traumatic brain injury tbi - answera form of brain injury resulting from an accident such as a diving accident, bullet wound, or blast injury. the damage is usually diffuse with damaged to the grey and white matter tracts from the accelerative faces experienced ate the time of the injury single dissociation - answera method used to develop functional models of mental and/or neural processes. evidence of this requires a minimum of two groups and two tasks. this is present when the groups differ in their performance on one task but not the other. it provides weak evidence of functional specialization since it is possible that the two tasks differ in terms of their sensitivity to detect group difference double dissociation - answera method used to develop functional models of mental and/or neural processes. evidence of this requires a minimum of two groups and two tasks. in neuropsychological research, this is present when one group is impaired on one task and the other group is impaired on the other task. in imaging research, this is present when one experimental manipulation produces changes in activation in one neural region and a different manipulation produces changes in activated in a different neural region. this proves a strong argument that the observed differences in performance reflect function differences between the groups, rather than unequal sensitivity of the two tasks deep brain stimulation - answerthe electrical stimulation of brain structures via an implanted electrode. stimulation of the sub thalamic nucleus, one of the nuclei of the basal ganglia, is used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease pharmacological studies - answerexperimental method in which the independent variable involves the administration of a chemical agent or drug transcranial magnetic stimulation - answera noninvasive method used to stimulate neurons in the intact human brain. a strong electrical current is rapidly generated in a coil placed over the target region. this current generated a magnetic field that causes the neurons in the underlying region to discharge. this is used in clinical settings to evaluate motor function by direct stimulation of the motor cortex. experimentally, the procedure is used to transiently disrupt neural processing, thus creating brief, reversibl