WGU D115 Patho Unit 5 Hematologic System with Complete Solutions!!

Processes of platelet activation - ANSWER-Adhesion, activation, aggregation function of platelets - ANSWER-blood clotting Function of Erythrocytes (RBCs) - ANSWER-Transport gases (O2 and CO2) Transport electrolytes Regulate diffusion across cell membrane function of leukocytes (WBC) - ANSWER-defense and immunity Types of Leukocytes (WBCs) - ANSWER-Granulocytes: -Neutrophils -Basophils -Eosinophils Agranulocytes: -Monocytes -Macrophages -Lymphocytes -Natural Killer Cells (NKCs) Anemia - ANSWER-Decrease in total number of erythrocytes in circulation blood or quality or quantity of hemoglobin Classifications of anemia - ANSWER-microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic microcytic hypochromic anemia - ANSWER-Disorders of hemoglobin synthesis, iron deficiency macrocytic anemia - ANSWER-Abnormal maturation of erythrocyte precursors on bone marrow, usually due to deficiency in B12 and/or folate which affects DNA synthesis normocytic normochromic anemia - ANSWER-Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number, shape of RBC helps determine cause/type anisocytosis - ANSWER-presence of red blood cells of various sizes poikilocytosis - ANSWER-condition characterized by red blood cells in a variety of shapes Eryptosis - ANSWER-premature death of damaged erythrocytes intrinsic factor - ANSWER-Protein transporter necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 pernicious anemia (PA) - ANSWER-Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development. Usually related to lack of intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells required for absorption. Erythropoiesis - ANSWER-production of red blood cells Hematopoiesis - ANSWER-blood cell formation in bone marrow Hemostasis - ANSWER-to stop or control bleeding Mechanism of hemostasis - ANSWER-1. Blood vessel wall injured, collagen fibers exposed at damaged site 2. Release of *endothelin* (vasoconstrictor) & von Willebrand (vWF) which bonds exposed collagen fibers 3. Platelets adhere to exposed collagen *by binding to vWF* and they get activated (*platelet activation*) - platelet shape transformation - platelet degranulation (a/d granules) - platelet aggregation -- *PRIMARY HEMOSTATIC PLUG (LOOSE)* 4. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin - platelet cross-linking by fibrin -- *SECONDARY HEMOSTATIC PLUG (SOLID)* - *blood coagulation* 5. Clot shrinks (*clot retraction*) 6. Vessel wall repaired - Clot dissolved after fibrin degradation by proteolytic enzyme *plasmin* - *clot removal - fibronolysis* sequence of coagulation - ANSWER-Damaged tissue, factor X, fibrinogen, prothrombin, clot Sequence in fibrinolysis (removal of blood clots) - ANSWER-Plasmin, plasminogen, FDP Granulocytes contain - ANSWER-Enzyme capable of killing microorganisms