Purdue PSY 200 Exam 1 Latest Update 100% Pass

Purdue PSY 200 Exam 1 Latest Update 100% Pass Behaviorism Using observable behavior as the basis for studying psychology, without reference to unobservable mental processes Choice Reaction Time time to detect the presentation of a stimulus, make a decision about it and respond Classical Conditioning procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response leads to the neutral eliciting a similar response pavlov dog Cognitive Models representations of structures or processes involved in cognition Cognitive Neuroscience "Science of the physiological basis of cognition" Focuses on brain structure and function Cognitive Psychology scientific study of the mind. systematic study of through observation and experimentation. Creates and controls mental functions Cognitive Science interdisiplinary work including psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy Comparative Psychology science of the minds of non-human animals Diffusion Model Information-processing view Introspection Trained participants describe their experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli Mental Chronometry inferring the timing of a cognitive process by measuring the time taken to raise your hand Operant conditioning procedure in which behavior is strengthened by presenting positive reinforcement or withdrawing negative reinforcement skinners rats Reaction/Response time Time between stimulus presentation and an observable response Simple reaction time time to detect the presentation of a stimulus and respond Structuralism our overall experience is just a combination of basic sensations Subtractive Method Action potential A brief electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon and is involved in transmitting neural information Broca's aphasia Broca's area: region of frontal lobe involved with language Aphasia: difficulty using language to express thought ex: "book book two table" = Two books on table Cerebral cortex Outer layer of the brain that accomplishes higher mental functions Four lobes of Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cognitive neuroscience Electroencephalography (EEG) Electrodes placed around scalp to measure electrical activity emanating from neurons within brain. Record brainwaves. Event-related potentials (ERP's) EEG recordings time-locked to an event and averaged across many trails ADV: Very precise timing (>fMRI) DV: poor spatial resolution Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) generates images of brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow. Done via magnetic field and measuring disturbances ADV: imaging w/o surgery DV: Expensive Lesions cutting or removing brain tissue to examine behavior. Localization of function Some mental functions are achieved by specific brain areas. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) Shining light into skull and detecting how much is absorbed by brain. (brain activity leads to changes in blood flow that affect light absorption) ADV: Portable and inexpensive DV: Only activity in outer cortex can be examined Neuron A specialized cell that receives and transmits information in the nervous system Neuropsychology Study of behavioral effects from brain damage Neurotransmitters Chemicals released from vesicles in Neuron's axon Phrenology pseudoscience that assumed mental "propensities" are associated with specific brain areas and can be measured from skull surface Prosopagnosia an inability to recognize faces Single-cell recording of neurons Electrode inserted in brain tissue until tip is near neuron. Action potentials recorded while animal does task ADV: precise timing DV: Primary on animals who are different synapse gap between neurons Topographic organization Adjacent areas of the cortex process adjacent areas of the sensory field. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Electric coil placed over part of brain area that sends currents to stimulate neurons temporarily activating or deactivating brain areas ADV: Enables cause and effect DV: Cannot stimulate deep in brain Wernicke's aphasia W's area: Temporal lobe involved in language comprehension aphasia: difficulty understanding language; production of meaningless speech. ex: "Mother is away here working her work out to get better.. but when she's looking, another time because she's getting too" Algorithms step-by-step procedures guaranteed to solve problems Bottom-up processing using sensory information from the environment Constructivism Perception involves actively constructing a percept based on sensory information from the environment and prior knowledge and expectations Direct perception perception is based solely on information from the environment Distal perception object in the environment Feature analysis Type of Bottom up processing breaking down stimulus into components and finding distinctive features to recognize stimulus Geon geometrical ions, 3 dimensional volume 36 different geons resistance to visual noise: gens can be perceived in "noisy" images Heuristics "rules of thumb" that provide best-guess solutions to problems Interactive activation model neural network model in which activation propagates through interconnected nodes Law of common fate things moving in the same direction appear to be group together Law of good continuation points belong together when they connect to form straight or smoothly curving lines Law of good figure stimulus pattern is seen such that the resulting structure is as simple as possible Law of proximity Things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together Law of similarity similar things appear to be grouped together Percept Meaningful interpretation of the proximal stimulus (e.g. stop sign) Perception Experience that results from sensation (stimulation of senses) Perceptual constancy Perceiving something to be unchanging in the environment despite changes in sensory input Principle of componential recovery object is recognized only if we can perceive its geons Prototype matching Type of bottom-up processing comparing pattern of stimulation with single idealized eg: triangle dot example. Don't need prototype presented to get idealized Proximal stimulus Pattern of stimulation registered by the senses Recognition-by-components theory We percieve objects by identifying features called geons Sensation absorbing raw energy (light, sound) through sensory organs Template matching Type of bottom up processing comparing pattern of stimulation with previously stored patterns "templates" in memory ex: machine-readable numbers on checks DV: impossibly large # templates need for memory Top-down processing using prior knowledge and expectations Transduction process by which raw energy is converted to neural signals Word superiority effect Top-down Test showed accuracy was higher when letters appeared in words than isolation Conceptual peg hypothesis concrete words create images that other words can hang onto, enhancing memory for those words Dissociation situation in which brain damage impairs one function while not affecting other functions Epiphenomenon accompanies the real mechanism but is not actually part of it Mental imagery experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input Method of loci items to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout Pegword technique items to be remembered are associated with concrete words Propositional representation relationships are represented by abstract (e.g. language) Spatial representation Different parts of an image correspond to different locations in space *image may contain inaccuracies ex: penny example Unilateral neglect ignoring objects in half of the visual field Visual imagery experiencing an image in the absence of visual stimulus Functions of Frontal lobe movement, reasoning, behavior, memory Function of Temporal lobe Speech, hearing, emotions Parietal lobe telling right from left, language, sensation, reading Occipital lobe vision