Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 8th Edition By David H. Barlow

Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 8th Edition By David H. Barlow Page 1 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 1. Psychological abnormality is generally defined using “the four D's.” First, explain what the four Ds are and what they mean regarding psychological abnormality. Then provide an example of a time when each aspect of abnormality would not be considered abnormal. 2. Suppose a friend says to you, “I feel really lousy today, and I don't know why. You're taking abnormal psych—what do you think?” If, after a conversation, your friend feels better about things, have you provided psychological therapy? Why or why not? Include the essential features of therapy in your answer. 3. What is demonology? How does demonology stand in the way of a more complete understanding of the causes and treatment of psychological abnormality? 4. Discuss the contributions of three individuals to the treatment of abnormal psychology. Be sure to include when and where each lived. 5. Create a time line on which you place five major events in the history of abnormality. Briefly describe why each event is important to an understanding of abnormality. 6. Define and contrast the somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives regarding abnormal psychological functioning, and provide at least one example of evidence supporting each perspective. 7. Assume that Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix suddenly appeared in the twenty-first century, about 50 years after the U.S. policy of deinstitutionalization began. What would they think about our treatment of the “mentally ill”? What suggestions might they make for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization? 8. According to your text, deinstitutionalization has resulted, in part, in large numbers of people with severe psychological disturbances either becoming homeless or ending up in jail or prison. Is deinstitutionalization an ethical and appropriate strategy for the treatment of mental illness that the United States should continue to follow? Back up your answer with specific examples. 9. Increasingly, people seeking treatment for mental health reasons are members of managed care programs. How are managed care programs changing how psychological services are provided? Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of such programs. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 10. Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and clinical researchers are mental health professionals that work in the area of psychological abnormality. Describe what each does and how they differ from each other. 11. What are important differences between case studies and single-subject experiments? Be sure to mention advantages and disadvantages of each. 12. Case studies can be used to help more than just the one being studied. Briefly describe three ways one could use information gathered from a case study besides helping the one being studied. 13. Describe three hypothetical correlations: positive correlations, negative correlations, and unrelated correlations, and give an example for each. 14. A major shortcoming of a correlational study is that even when a correlation between two variables is statistically significant, one cannot infer causation. For example, a significant correlation exists between life stress and depression, yet one cannot say for sure that life stress causes depression. Given this major shortcoming, what are some specific reasons one might still wish to conduct a correlational study, as opposed to an experimental study (from which one might infer a cause-and-effect relationship)? 15. Assume that a researcher wishes to do research designed to pinpoint early-childhood events related to later development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. What type of investigation might the researcher use? What would be potential strengths and weaknesses of that type of investigation? Finally, are there any ethical concerns the researcher ought to address? 16. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that older women who take estrogen are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. Be sure to identify the control group, experimental group, independent variable, and dependent variable. 17. A researcher wishes to use experimentation to study the effect of stress on the development of abnormal behaviors. Describe how the researcher might conduct that study, using either natural or analogue experiments. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Answer Key 1. There are said to be four “Ds” of psychological abnormality. The first is “deviance,” which describes abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from society's ideas about proper functioning. An example of deviance that would not be considered abnormal is a person who sleeps outside when camping. While sleeping outdoors is not the norm in our society, we make exception for this behavior under this specific circumstance. The second is “distress.” When an individual feels distress over symptom manifestation, we often consider this a marker of abnormality. An example of when distress would not be considered abnormal would be a situation in which a parent experiences distress because his or her child is serving in the military in a war zone. The feelings of distress inherent in a daughter or son serving abroad would not be enough to label someone as abnormal in functioning. The third element in psychological abnormality is “dysfunction.” Abnormal behavior tends to be considered dysfunctional when it interrupts the ability to function in daily living. An example of when dysfunction would not be considered abnormal would be if someone voluntarily engaged in a hunger strike out of protest. Often these individuals are considered heroic rather than dysfunctional. The final element is “danger,” which is usually classified as an individual being a danger or threat to him- or herself or others. An example of when dangerousness would not be considered abnormal could be during times of military service in combat. Individuals in combat are sometimes called on to harm others, and in acts considered heroic, some soldiers sacrifice their own lives for the safety of their group. 2. According to my text, I have not provided psychological therapy. Clinical theorist Jerome Frank stated that all therapy has three essential features. One is a sufferer who seeks relief from the healer. The second feature of true therapy is that it must be administered by a trained, socially accepted healer who has expertise in what the individual struggles with. The third essential element of therapy is that there should be a series of contacts with the sufferer to produce changes. In this example the second and third criteria have not been satisfied. As such, psychological therapy has not taken place. 3. Demonology is the view that psychological dysfunction was caused by Satan's influence. In Europe during the Middle Ages, members of the clergy had great power, and their religious beliefs and explanations dominated education and culture. Due to its influence, the Church controlled how psychological phenomena were interpreted, and alternative scientific explanations were dismissed. 4. Answers may include any of the following, or other figures discussed in the text: Hippocrates: 460–377 B.C. Greece. Referred to as the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates contributed the belief that illnesses had natural causes, and he saw abnormal behavior as arising from physical problems. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Emil Kraepelin: 1856–1926. Germany. Kraepelin was a German researcher who published a textbook in 1883 stating that physical factors such as fatigue were responsible for mental dysfunction. He also developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behavior using symptoms, as we do today. Dorothea Dix: 1802–1887. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Dix was a schoolteacher who called for mental health treatment reform by speaking to both state legislatures and the U.S. Congress about the horrors she witnessed at asylums. Her campaign led to improved laws and funding, specifically to set up state hospitals to care for the mentally ill. Philippe Pinel: 1745–1826. Paris, France. Pinel argued that the mentally ill should be treated with sympathy and kindness, and, after becoming chief physician at La Bicêtre, unchained patients and renovated rooms to reflect his perspective. Friedrich Anton Mesmer: 1734–1815. Mesmer was an Austrian physician who set up a clinic in Paris. He used hypnotism to heal those with hysterical disorders, showing that a person sometimes holds the keys for healing him- or herself. Mesmer's hypnotism paved the way for later psychoanalytic explanations using the unconscious. Benjamin Rush: 1745–1813. Pennsylvania, U.S. Considered the father of American psychiatry, Rush developed humane treatment approaches to mental illness, even hiring sensitive attendants to work with patients he treated. William Tuke: 1732–1819. England. Tuke founded a rural retreat for those with mental illness using methods of rest, talk, prayer, and work to assist healing. His moral treatment inspired others, such as Benjamin Rush, to treat patients humanely and with respect. 5. The five major events in the history of abnormality in the order of their occurrence would be: 1. Demonology. The belief that evil spirits or dark forces created psychological dysfunction permeated the belief about mentally ill individuals and their treatment for years. Demonology led to some of the greatest atrocities committed against those who were mentally ill and may still be a factor in the stigma many feel against the mentally ill today. Our text, for example, notes that 43 percent of people still believe that those with mental illness have brought it on themselves. 2. The Rise of Asylums. The unspeakably cruel ways in which the mentally ill have been treated should not be forgotten. The asylums began with good intentions but eventually became a national shame. Asylums reflect the ways in which we viewed those who struggled with mental illness. 3. Moral Treatment. Figures such as Tuke, Pinel, Rush, and Dix were essential to revolutionizing the way in which those who struggled with mental illness were treated and represent a turning point in the history of how those with mental dysfunction were viewed and treated. By framing mental dysfunction as an illness to be treated, it set the stage for those like Freud to develop theories that framed clients and their treatments with humanity. 4. The Advent of Psychotropic Medications. When individuals with mental dysfunctions were institutionalized, even with humane practices, there were many who could not be helped because the nature of their illness was so inherently biological. Psychotropic medication allowed many to function outside of an institutional setting who may never have had a chance of recovery otherwise. Psychotropic medications of the past also solidified the status of mental illness as a treatable and often biologically based illness. 5. Deinstitutionalization. The final inclusion of deinstitutionalization is present because S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM it both reflects hope and the need for improvement. While people were released from institutions, the care and support structure provided when they left has still been sorely lacking. While so many mentally ill individuals are still homeless or in prisons, and 40 to 60 percent of those with severe mental illness receive no treatment at all, there is still much work to be done. 6. The somatogenic perspective is the view that abnormal psychology has physical causes. An example would be syphilis and the mental symptoms such as delusions of grandeur that can be caused by this physical illness. The psychogenic perspective is that the causes of abnormal functioning are psychological. Examples include hysterical disorders such as blindness or other body ailments that individuals may experience without a physical cause. 7. Today, in the wake of deinstitutionalization, many atrocities continue to occur. Both Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix were advocates of moral treatment, so one could assume that both would be greatly disappointed by our lack of continued care for those who struggle. They might make many suggestions for changes in our policy of deinstitutionalization. For example, we now know that although community mental health centers were intended to be plentiful, there are far too few to meet the needs of those who struggle. They would likely advocate for more mental health centers to be constructed and that those centers be accessible to those who require them. Another change in our policy would be transitional release. Rather than simply allowing hundreds of thousands of people to be immediately released, teaching individuals skills of survival and providing placement in transitional living facilities as well as employment might have helped prevent the homelessness and struggles the mentally ill in our country continue to face. 8. Deinstitutionalization in America was not conducted ethically or with an appropriate strategy. Patients who were residents of hospitals for years, with no knowledge of how the outside world operated and often no support structures when they left hospitals, were simply released to become homeless and without care. The text stated that only 40 to 60 percent of those with severe psychological disturbances are receiving care, at least 100,000 are homeless, and another 135,000 reside in jails or prisons. This is not a strategy America should continue to follow. One thing we could do differently is to increase the numbers and accessibility of community health centers. The text states that too few community mental health programs are available to those who need them most. 9. Insurance companies provide health care coverage through managed care programs by largely determining the nature, scope, and cost of the services received. Through these programs, insurance companies, rather than therapists or physicians, also determine treatment course and progression. One advantage of managed care programs is that they can provide preventive care, but a disadvantage is that they can limit choice of therapist, how long treatment lasts, and what type of treatment a patient receives. 10. Clinical psychologists earn a doctorate in clinical psychology and provide counseling services to those who are mentally ill. Psychiatrists are physicians and have gone through medical school, earning either an MD or DO, and specializing in treatment of the mentally ill. Psychiatrists can also provide counseling services, and often provide medication when needed. Clinical researchers tackle the problems of psychological S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 6 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM abnormality from the laboratory, attempting to explain and predict abnormal behavior but not working with clients directly unless studying an illness. Clinical researchers do not treat patients, as both psychiatrists and clinical psychologists often do. 11. A case study follows an individual, describing that person's life and problems as well as history, symptoms, and treatment. In a case study, a clinician can follow the course of a treatment and offer new ideas or treatments to future clinicians. The benefits of case studies are that they can often show the value of new therapeutic techniques and give unusual problems focused attention that can be used to help others who show similar problems. The limitations of case studies are that often the observers can be biased, because they may have an interest in seeing the patient succeed or having their methods work. Case studies rely solely on subjective evidence and so they also lack internal validity. Case studies also are limitedly generalizable, and because we often find that case studies have difficulty being applicable beyond the actual person of study, they rate low on external validity. Single-subject experiments negate many of the weaknesses of case studies because single-subject experiments use experimental design, giving them additional power. In single-subject experiments, a lone participant is observed both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable. While the benefits of this type of experiment are clearly control and the ability to establish a baseline, there are still limitations. For instance, having only one subject does not allow for comparison of results against others, so there is no control group, random assignment, or ability to test for a placebo effect. 12. One could use information gathered from a case study in three ways: First, case studies can be a source of new ideas about behavior, opening the way for future discoveries. An example of this would be that Freud used his case studies in developing psychoanalysis. Second, case studies can show the value of new therapeutic techniques and demonstrate new ways of applying existing techniques for outcomes. Finally, case studies give clinicians opportunities to study rare or unusual problems in ways that offer the opportunity to help others—both clinicians who treat and clients who struggle—with these disorders in the future. 13. There are three possible results of a correlational study: positive correlations, negative correlations, or unrelated correlations between variables. A positive correlation occurs between variables that increase or decrease together, such as study time and test grades. In a study of these variables, the researcher may find that as one variable (studying) goes up, the other (test grades) goes up. The principle also works in reverse—for example, as study time goes down, test grades go down. A negative correlation occurs between variables that are inversely related; that is to say, as one variable goes up, the other variable goes down. One example would be a study of shyness and friendships. In that study, the researcher might find that as one variable (shyness) increases, the second variable (number of friendships) decreases. Also, as the S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 7 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM number of friendships increases, the amount of shyness decreases. The third type of relationship is between variables that are unrelated. An example of this would be the relationship between, say, hairstyle and phases of the moon. There is no known weak or strong existing relationship between hairstyle and any phase of the moon. 14. Although correlations do not determine causation, they can still be of great use, particularly to clinicians. Correlational studies tend to have good external validity, meaning that they often can be generalized to the general population, and, even though they do not explain the relationship, often just noting that a strong relationship exists between variables can be significant. An example from the text examining correlational research between suicide attempts and depression noted that even if the “cause” of the suicide attempt is not fully understood, just knowing the relationship to depression helps clinicians significantly (and, ultimately, clients) when they know what signs to watch for in individuals. 15. If a researcher wanted to design a study to pinpoint early-childhood events related to later development of eating disorders, that researcher would likely use a combined approach. Epidemiological studies, a special form of correlational research that measures the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (total number of cases of a disorder), would show the trends of the disorder generally over a period of time. It is likely that trends discovered would lead the researcher to isolate unique variables within certain groups that help to cause certain disorders, such as eating disorders. As noted in the text, such studies have been used to examine eating disorders and their prevalence in Western countries over non-Western countries. Combining epidemiological studies with longitudinal studies (sometimes called developmental studies or high-risk studies), a researcher would examine the same individuals over a period of time to further pinpoint specific childhood events. Despite the strengths and amount of information, longitudinal studies do not pinpoint causation. The ethical concern of this approach is the question of harm in simply observing individuals as they develop a disorder without intervention. The researcher should address this issue in the design of the study before proceeding. 16. Hypothesis: Older women who take estrogen are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. First, because a researcher cannot follow all older women, the researcher must define the age range and then get a representative sample of them. The sample should represent women at large in economics, demographic variables (race, etc.), and so on, so that any results can be generalized to the larger population. After acquiring a sample, the researcher should randomly assign the women to two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group would be exposed to the independent variable (estrogen) and the control group would not. The researcher would then follow the women, and, in an established time frame, give them cognitive tests that measure symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (the dependent variable). S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 8 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM After measurement of the dependent variable, comparing both experimental and control groups would offer the outcome. If women who took estrogen were less likely to get Alzheimer's disease, the hypothesis would be confirmed, and, if not, the hypothesis would be disproven. 17. In natural experiments, nature itself manipulates the independent variable. One method for studying the effect of stress on the development of abnormal behaviors would be to examine individuals after a natural disaster (which would inherently place stress on an individual). For example, if a natural disaster like a tsunami flooded and destroyed a coastal city, a researcher could study the survivors (who function as an experimental group) and then gather data on individuals well outside the affected region (who function as a control group). The researcher could then compare them on behavioral measures of abnormality (dependent variable) and acquire results. In analogue experiments, researchers can induce participants in a laboratory to behave in ways that resemble real-life abnormal behavior and then conduct experiments on them to shed light on real-life abnormality. A researcher looking to study individuals in this way may have difficulty ethically, even if using animal models, because it naturally places both animals and humans in a distressed state. To conduct an analogue experiment examining the effects of stress in the development of abnormal behaviors, an experimenter could elicit stress in the subject by placing him or her in a situation that would be inherently stressful and then measuring the abnormal behaviors (dependent variable) to determine relationship. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 1 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 1. The stated and unstated rules that a society establishes to govern proper conduct are referred to as . 2. The aspect of the definition of abnormality that characterizes behavior as different from what a society considers normal for a given time and place is . 3. Ken is so anxious that his anxiety by itself causes him to suffer. Ken's situation represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . 4. Colleen is so afraid of open spaces that she cannot leave her house to go to work and is now in danger of losing her job. This represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . 5. Heather has been feeling depressed and has begun to feel helpless and hopeless and is considering committing suicide. Killing herself represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called . 6. The idea that the behaviors we label abnormal are just problems in living was proposed by . 7. While some clinicians refer to the person they are treating as a patient, others refer to the person as a(n) . 8. The early form of surgery in which a hole was made in the skull of a person, presumably to allow evil spirits to escape, was called . 9. The procedure that a priest or other powerful person might perform to drive evil spirits from a person is called . 10. believed that abnormal behavior was caused by brain pathology that was a consequence of an imbalance in the four humors of the body. 11. The "father" of modern medicine who believed that illnesses had natural causes was . S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 12. During the Middle Ages, a person who believed that he or she was possessed by wolves and other animals was said to be suffering from . 13. The roots of today's community mental health programs can be traced back to the fifteenth century when people came to the Belgian town of for psychic healing. 14. The physician who instituted a series of reforms at La Bicêtre asylum and “unchained” mental patients was . 15. The treatment for mental illness espoused by French physician Philippe Pinel and English Quaker William Tuke was called treatment by their contemporaries. 16. An approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized humane and respectful approaches was known as treatment. 17. The American advocate for laws mandating the improved treatment of people with mental disorders was . 18. The view that physical causes are at the root of mental illnesses is called the perspective. 19. The somatogenic view of mental illness was given a boost in the 1800's when it was discovered that general paresis was caused by . 20. Psychotropic medications fit into the model of treating mental illness. 21. According to the perspective, psychological causes are at the root of mental illness. 22. The inducement of a trancelike state in which a person becomes extremely suggestible fits into the model of treating mental illness. 23. Psychoanalysis' view of causes of abnormal and normal behavior fits into the model. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 24. The major development utilizing drugs in the treatment of the mentally ill in the second half of the twentieth century was the development of . 25. The reduction in the number of people housed in mental hospitals in the last 40 years can be attributed to a trend called . 26. Moving the focus for the care of the mentally ill out of hospitals is part of the approach. 27. The largest group of professionals who provide mental health services are . 28. The degree that psychiatrists hold is the . 29. Sound research in abnormal psychology uses the method. 30. Clinical researchers form general, or , knowledge about the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior. 31. A tentative explanation or hunch that provides a basis for study is a(n) . 32. Jason met with a researcher several times. He was interviewed, he took tests, and he was physically evaluated. In addition, the researcher studied his school and employment records and interviewed key people in his life. This type of study is called a(n) . 33. Tall people tend to have larger feet than do short people. This statement indicates a(n) correlation between foot size and height. 34. The more television one watches, the lower that person's grades in school are likely to be. This statement indicates a(n) correlation between hours watching TV and grades. 35. The strength or magnitude of a correlation can vary from to . S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 36. If a result is statistically significant, it is unlikely to be the result of . 37. Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population are called studies. 38. The number of new cases of a disorder that appear during a set period of time is the of that disorder. 39. If one knew that there were 500,000 total cases of schizophrenia in the United States as of now, that person would know the of schizophrenia in the United States. 40. Sammi agreed to be in the study of memory, but she had not anticipated how she would feel about returning to the lab every other year for 10 years. She is involved in a(n) study. 41. A study of the same individuals on many occasions over a period of time is a(n) study. 42. The type of study that allows a direct determination of a causal relationship between two variables is a(n) . 43. Jack was doing a study on anxiety. Members of one group were asked to estimate how many years each had to live. Members of the other group were asked to estimate how many months until their next vacation. Jack then gave each of his participants a test that measured anxiety and scored them. The score on this test is an example of a(n) . 44. Ian made the participants in one of his groups anxious by making loud noises but kept the participants in the other group in quiet surroundings. The presence of noise in this case is an example of a(n) . 45. Dr. Han did his experimental manipulation and then tested his experimental group at 9 A.M. and his control group at 9 P.M. His study contains a(n) . 46. The nontreated or comparison group that is NOT exposed to the independent variable in an experiment is called the . S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 47. If a participant does NOT know in which condition she is being tested, she is participating in a(n) design. 48. Dr. Pliny did NOT tell her subjects which group (what level of the independent variable) they were in. She didn't tell them this to guard against . 49. In addition to subject bias, the double-blind design guards against . 50. Any study that compares the responses of men and women (the “independent variable”) is BEST described as a(n) design. 51. Genie was isolated from human contact and language by her (badly disturbed) parents for most of the first 13 years of her life. The effects of early language deprivation could easily be seen and studied. This is an example of a(n) experiment. 52. If a researcher did a study of anxiety and used cats for subjects instead of people, she would likely be doing a(n) study. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 6 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Answer Key 1. norms 2. deviance 3. distress 4. dysfunction 5. danger 6. Thomas Szasz 7. client 8. trephination 9. exorcism 10. Hippocrates 11. Hippocrates 12. lycanthropy 13. Gheel 14. Philippe Pinel 15. moral 16. moral 17. Dorothea Dix 18. somatogenic 19. syphilis 20. somatogenic 21. psychogenic 22. psychogenic 23. psychogenic 24. psychotropic medications 25. deinstitutionalization 26. community mental health 27. psychiatric social workers 28. MD or DO 29. scientific 30. nomothetic 31. hypothesis 32. case study 33. positive 34. negative 35. –l.00, +1.00 36. chance 37. epidemiological 38. incidence 39. prevalence 40. longitudinal 41. longitudinal 42. experiment 43. dependent variable 44. independent variable S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 7 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 45. confound 46. control group 47. blind 48. subject bias, or participant bias 49. experimenter bias 50. quasi-experimental 51. natural 52. analogue S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 1 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 1. One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical: A) mentalist. B) legalist. C) scientist. D) practitioner. 2. If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a clinical: A) practitioner. B) researcher. C) historian. D) statistician. 3. The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as: A) norms. B) culture. C) morality. D) conventions. 4. Just decades ago, a woman's love for racecar driving would have been considered abnormal. This statement illustrates: A) how dangerous most mentally ill people actually are. B) that abnormality can be situational. C) that everyone is a little eccentric. D) that drug use causes people to become mentally ill. 5. The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and art of a society make up that society's: A) laws. B) norms. C) culture. D) conventions. 6. Behavior that violates legal norms is: A) deviant and criminal. B) distressful and criminal. C) deviant and psychopathological. D) distressful and psychopathological. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 7. Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, because of specific circumstances? A) someone whose mother was depressed B) someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado C) someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance D) someone who was also an alcoholic 8. If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was: A) suffering from a mental illness. B) deviant but not dangerous. C) exhibiting a typical reaction. D) statistically deviant. 9. George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that: A) distress must always be used to determine abnormality. B) behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal. C) distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered abnormal. D) behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal. 10. People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress even though their behaviors are problematic. They are: A) nevertheless considered to be abnormal. B) not abnormal because abnormality requires distress. C) doing something illegal, not abnormal. D) no longer considered abnormal but were considered abnormal in the past. 11. An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is: A) disturbed. B) deviant. C) dysfunctional. D) dangerous. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 12. Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? A) distress B) deviance C) dysfunction D) danger to self or others 13. Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person's behavior is dysfunctional? A) someone who is too confused to drive safely B) someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class C) someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice D) someone who cannot stay alone for even one night 14. A person who is suicidal and can see no reason for living BEST fits which definition of abnormality? A) deviance B) distress C) danger D) dysfunction 15. A Secret Service agent steps in front of the president of the United States, prepared to be killed or injured if the president's safety is threatened. Psychologically speaking, the Secret Service agent's behavior is: A) distressing and psychologically abnormal. B) functional and not psychologically abnormal. C) dysfunctional and psychologically abnormal. D) dangerous but not psychologically abnormal. 16. Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not: A) dysfunctional. B) dangerous. C) distressing. D) deviant. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 17. According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: A) mental illnesses. B) problems in living. C) caused by one's early childhood experiences. D) eccentric behaviors with a biological cause. 18. A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The BEST description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: A) eccentric. B) abnormal. C) dangerous. D) dysfunctional. 19. College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because: A) the behavior is not illegal. B) they are just considered eccentric. C) they are not harming anyone but themselves. D) drinking is considered part of the college subculture. 20. Using “the four Ds” to define abnormal behavior: A) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable. B) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric. C) allows us to include those who experience no distress. D) is still often vague and subjective. 21. Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: A) they are not deviant. B) they freely choose and enjoy their behavior. C) they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves. D) while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 22. Which is NOT a characteristic of eccentric individuals noted by researchers in the field? A) being a poor speller B) having a diagnosable mental illness C) being creative D) a mischievous sense of humor 23. Studies show that eccentric individuals are more likely than those with mental disorders to say: A) I feel like my behavior has been thrust on me. B) I'm different and I like it. C) I am in a lot of pain and I suffer a great deal. D) I wish I were not so “unique.” 24. Which component is NOT noted by clinical theorist Jerome Frank as essential to all forms of therapy? A) series of contacts B) healer C) third-party payer D) sufferer who seeks relief 25. One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with problems in living as: A) pupils. B) patients. C) trainees. D) clients. 26. The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by: A) germs. B) poisons. C) evil spirits. D) psychological trauma. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 6 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 27. A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that “evil spirits” will be driven from the person's body. This form of “therapy” is called: A) exorcism. B) shaman. C) couvade. D) trephination. 28. A person being treated by a shaman would MOST likely be undergoing: A) psychoanalysis. B) gender-sensitive therapy. C) community-based treatment. D) an exorcism. 29. Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve: A) releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain. B) bringing the four body humors back into balance. C) punishing the body for its sins. D) bloodletting. 30. Hippocrates's contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: A) stress. B) natural, physical causes. C) brain pathology. D) spiritual deviations. 31. Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was: A) water. B) lymph gland fluid. C) phlegm. D) cerebrospinal fluid. 32. Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by: A) hypnotizing patients. B) chaining patients to walls. C) correcting underlying physical pathology. D) encouraging patients to speak about past traumas. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 7 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 33. Those who lived during the Middle Ages might find that a flash mob is MOST similar to: A) mass madness. B) melancholia. C) trephination. D) eco-terrorism. 34. In the Middle Ages, which model of mental illness did MOST people believe in? A) the moral model B) the medical model C) the psychogenic model D) the demonology model 35. Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages? A) The power of the clergy increased greatly. B) The Church rejected scientific forms of investigation. C) The Church controlled education. D) The culture rejected religious beliefs. 36. Which is NOT a disorder that people in the Middle Ages included in the general term “mass madness”? A) tarantism B) lycanthropy C) exorcism D) St. Vitus' dance 37. Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of: A) exorcism. B) mass madness. C) physical pathology causing mental illness. D) disorders that were treated with trephination. 38. St. Vitus' dance, characterized by people suddenly going into convulsions, jumping around, and dancing, was also known as: A) lycanthropy. B) melancholia. C) phlegmatism. D) tarantism. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 8 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 39. Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were: A) physicians. B) nobility. C) peasants. D) clergy. 40. The individual considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology is: A) Hippocrates. B) Johann Weyer. C) Dorothea Dix. D) Emil Kraepelin. 41. Johann Weyer, considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology, was a physician in the: A) 1200s. B) 1500s. C) 1700s. D) 1800s. 42. In the 1600s, Pilgrims in Europe who sought “psychic healing” would have been MOST likely to go to: A) Bethlehem Hospital in London. B) Gheel, Belgium. C) La Bicêtre in Paris. D) Athens, Greece. 43. In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide: A) harsh treatment. B) care and treatment. C) religious therapies. D) psychogenic therapy. 44. In many areas in the 1500s, asylums such as Bethlehem Hospital in London became: A) shrines. B) tourist attractions. C) sheltered workshops. D) centers of moral treatment. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 9 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 45. What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital, founded in London in 1547? A) Popularly called “Bedlam,” it came to represent deplorable conditions for patients. B) It was the first asylum founded by Hippocrates. C) It was founded by Henry VIII as a place to house his numerous ex-wives. D) It was the first asylum where the moral treatment of patients was practiced. 46. Who brought the reforms of moral therapy to northern England? A) John Dix B) Joseph Gall C) William Tuke D) Benjamin Rush 47. The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that: A) mental problems had a biological basis. B) demonology was a cause of mental illness. C) mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect. D) the cause of mental illness was immoral behavior. 48. Who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States? A) John Dix B) Joseph Gall C) William Tuke D) Benjamin Rush 49. The American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders was: A) William Tuke. B) Dorothea Dix. C) Clifford Beers. D) Benjamin Rush. 50. Which is a component of the legacy of Dorothea Dix? A) deinstitutionalization B) state hospitals C) federal prisons D) privatization of mental hospitals S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 10 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 51. Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century? A) the total lack of success of moral treatment B) too many hospitals, resulting in funding and staffing shortages C) prejudice against poor, immigrant patients in hospitals D) lack of public and private funding for hospitals 52. The “moral treatment” movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century because: A) prejudice against those with mental disorders decreased. B) fewer and fewer immigrants were being sent to mental hospitals. C) all patients needing treatment had to be helped. D) hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded. 53. One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was: A) prejudice against people with mental disorders. B) it was shown to be completely ineffective. C) too few patients were hospitalized. D) psychogenic drugs replaced it. 54. Hippocrates's model of mental illness can be described as: A) psychiatric. B) somatogenic. C) psychogenic. D) supernatural. 55. The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning? A) somatogenic B) psychogenic C) moral D) deterministic 56. The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by: A) Benjamin Rush. B) Emil Kraepelin. C) Fritz Schaudinn D) Richard von Krafft-Ebing. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 11 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 57. The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that: A) mental patients should be deinstitutionalized. B) organic factors can cause mental illness. C) antibiotics cannot “cure” viral diseases. D) physicians should be the ones treating mental illnesses. 58. For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a: A) community center. B) spa and retreat center. C) counselor's office. D) hospital. 59. Which of statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior? A) Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking. B) Alcoholism tends to run in families. C) People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms. D) Most people with depression are helped with medication. 60. Eugenic sterilization reflected the perspective on abnormality. A) somatogenic B) psychoanalytic C) cultural D) managed care 61. The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been MOST successful was the use of: A) psychosurgery. B) psychoanalysis. C) various medications. D) insulin shock therapy. 62. Which option is NOT associated with hypnotism? A) Friedrich Anton Mesmer B) the somatogenic perspective C) hysterical disorders D) the late 1700s S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 12 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 63. Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed: A) somatogenic. B) hysterical. C) phlegmatic. D) bilious. 64. An otherwise “normal” person under the influence of hypnotic suggestion is made to bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. The occurrence of these “abnormal” behaviors lends support to which explanation for abnormality? A) psychogenic B) somatogenic C) parthenogenic D) schizophrenegenic 65. Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis? A) psychogenic B) somatogenic C) demonological D) moral 66. Bernheim and Liébault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in “normal” people, providing support for which perspective of abnormality? A) psychogenic B) somatogenic C) demonological D) sociocultural 67. The early psychogenic treatment that was studied by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud was: A) prayer. B) bleeding. C) hypnotism. D) trephining. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 13 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 68. Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of: A) moral therapy. B) psychoanalysis. C) psychogenic therapy. D) all psychological therapy. 69. Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of therapy. A) moral B) outpatient C) behavioral D) somatogenic 70. Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call: A) mesmerism. B) outpatient therapy. C) community psychology. D) Kraepelinism. 71. Which patient would be MOST likely to benefit from psychoanalytic treatment? A) a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly B) a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally C) someone who is insightful and thinks clearly D) someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital 72. Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused by: A) sinful behavior. B) lack of willpower. C) lack of self-discipline. D) something people bring on themselves. 73. People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be ______ than they were 50 years ago. A) medicated with psychotropic drugs B) hospitalized in mental institutions C) homeless or in prison D) treated in outpatient facilities S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 14 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 74. If a person's primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for that person would be an medication. A) antipsychotic. B) antidepressant. C) antibiotic. D) antianxiety. 75. Which BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization? A) Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. B) Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. C) Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care. D) Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them. 76. A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other “mood” disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: A) psychogenic. B) somatogenic. C) psychotropic. D) somatotropic. 77. Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed: A) antidepressant. B) antianxiety. C) mood stabilizers D) antipsychotic. 78. Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called medications. A) psychedelics B) antineurotics C) psychotropics D) psychophysiologicals S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 15 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 79. Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n) drug. A) stimulant B) antianxiety C) antipsychotic D) antidepressant 80. Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication, it would likely be a(n) drug. A) stimulant B) antianxiety C) antipsychotic D) antidepressant 81. The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in: A) 1990. B) 1970. C) 1960. D) 1950. 82. One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the: A) policy of deinstitutionalization. B) use of psychotropic medication. C) decrease in the use of private psychotherapy. D) move to the community mental health approach. 83. In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient: A) in a mental hospital. B) on the street or in jail. C) receiving drug counseling in a shelter. D) in private therapy paid for by the state. 84. The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person directly pays a psychotherapist for services is called: A) sociological therapy. B) the medical approach. C) private psychotherapy. D) the community mental health approach. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 16 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 85. Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances? A) Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders. B) Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment. C) It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a “problem in living.” D) Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy. 86. Today about make up the daily patient population in mental health hospitals. A) 10,000 B) 40,000 C) 250,000 D) 600,000 87. Partly because of this emphasis in mental health, many suffering from mental health disorders are currently homeless or incarcerated. A) the use of psychotropic medications B) psychoanalysis C) somatogenic perspective D) community mental health approach 88. Suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST similar to which kind of market? A) Whole Foods, a large market that offers many different types of food B) Sweet Cupcakes, a store that specializes in only one type of food C) Corner Market, a Mom-and-Pop store that carries rather old-fashioned food D) New York Deli, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy 89. A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing is that: A) fewer patients are suffering from anxiety and depression. B) fewer patients receive outpatient treatment. C) people are more likely to receive treatment for “problems in living.” D) there are fewer specialized programs focused on treating only one type of problem. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 17 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 90. Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as: A) positive psychology. B) psychoanalysis. C) eco-anxiety treatment. D) prevention. 91. Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health? A) prevention and positive psychology B) promotion and public psychology C) perfection and primary psychology D) people and professional psychology 92. If a university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST similar to: A) prevention programs. B) positive psychology programs. C) deinstitutionalization programs. D) outpatient therapy. 93. Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of: A) eco-anxiety treatment. B) a somatogenic approach to treatment. C) the clinical practice of positive psychology. D) an eccentric's level of creativity. 94. A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skills. The psychologist is MOST likely: A) a psychoanalyst. B) a positive psychologist. C) a community mental health worker. D) a rehabilitation specialist. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 18 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 95. If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential, physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to: A) mental health prevention programs. B) positive psychology programs. C) deinstitutionalization programs. D) outpatient therapy. 96. Immigration trends and differences in birthrates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more: A) hospital focused. B) multicultural. C) positive. D) dependent on the use of medications. 97. A person receiving multicultural therapy could expect all of these effects EXCEPT: A) greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy. B) a focus on the uniqueness of the issues faced. C) a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems. D) sensitivity to the traditions of that person's particular culture. 98. Which feature is NOT common in managed care programs? A) limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from B) preapproval for treatment by the insurance company C) ongoing reviews and assessments D) patient choice in number of therapy sessions 99. Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that: A) physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education. B) coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally. C) the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal. D) patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment. 100. A physician who has specialized treatment in mental health issues is called a: A) psychiatrist. B) clinical psychologist. C) psychodiagnostician. D) psychoanalyst. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 19 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 101. After medical school, a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning; this training is called a(n): A) residency. B) internship. C) practicum. D) community mental health tour. 102. One major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists: A) went to medical school. B) must work in a medical setting. C) are allowed to do psychotherapy. D) have more training in mental illness. 103. Which statement is true about the participation of women in the mental health professions? A) There are more women in social work than in counseling professions. B) Women are least often found in medicine and most often found in social work. C) The profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling. D) The majority of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are men. 104. The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: A) psychiatry. B) social work. C) psychology. D) counseling. 105. A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates is MOST likely a: A) clinical researcher. B) clinical psychologist. C) psychiatrist. D) psychiatric social worker. 106. A person who is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental and genetic factors produces schizophrenia is MOST likely a: A) clinical researcher. B) psychiatric social worker. C) family therapist. D) counseling psychologist. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 20 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 107. A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called: A) theoretical. B) nomothetic. C) idiographic. D) correlational. 108. As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical researchers is: A) idiosyncratic. B) nomosynthetic. C) idiographic. D) nomothetic. 109. If you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology, you would be seeking: A) an idiographic understanding. B) to advance conventional wisdom. C) a nomothetic understanding. D) to change current graduate training. 110. Which is NOT considered a research method? A) the case study B) a correlation C) an experiment D) a treatment plan for an individual 111. The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n): A) variable. B) experiment. C) correlation. D) hypothesis. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 21 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 112. A person says, “I think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other day.” Although this statement is not very scientific, it is a(n): A) research finding. B) hypothesis. C) example of a case study. D) research conclusion. 113. A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n): A) hypothesis. B) case study. C) experimental study. D) correlation. 114. Which is an example of a case study? A) a study involving use of a control group B) a long-term study of a single clinical client C) a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community D) the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats 115. Case studies are useful for: A) forming general laws of behavior. B) studying unusual problems. C) conducting scientific experiments. D) eliminating observer bias. 116. The case study MOST likely to be helpful in the study of abnormality would be one that included a well-tested, research-supported form of therapy used to treat a(n): A) common disorder. B) depression. C) substance abuse. D) uncommon disorder. 117. Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful? A) studying unusual problems B) learning a great deal about a particular patient C) suggesting new areas for further study D) determining general laws of behavior S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 22 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 118. The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is: A) there are not enough Facebook users to make the research worthwhile. B) Facebook users don't always know they are being studied. C) research projects have not been approved by universities where they are conducted. D) it is unethical to observe public behavior. 119. A researcher is considering whether to gather online data from Facebook users without informing the users that their data are being used. In terms of research ethics, which question is the MOST relevant? A) Are Facebook postings considered “public behavior”? B) Are Facebook users a random sample of whatever population is being studied? C) Will Facebook users be able to sue if they think their rights are being violated? D) Will the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks to Facebook users? 120. A researcher finds that individuals who report large numbers of “hassles” in their lives usually also report higher levels of stress. Those who report fewer “hassles” generally report lower levels of stress. The correlation between number of “hassles” and stress level is: A) positive. B) negative. C) curvilinear. D) nonexistent. 121. “The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat.” If true, this statement expresses: A) no correlation at all. B) a causal relationship. C) a positive correlation. D) a negative correlation. 122. If stress levels and physical health are negatively correlated, the researcher can conclude that: A) stress causes people to have poor health. B) as stress increases, health decreases. C) poor health causes people to experience stress. D) mental illness causes both stress and poor health. S - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Page 23 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 123. Correlation coefficients indicate: A) the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables. B) the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. C) the internal and external validity between variables. D) the significance and variability between variables. 124. Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude? A) +0.05 B) –0.81 C) +0.60 D) –0.01 125. Which correlation coefficient represents the weakest relationship? A) –0.95 B) –0.06 C) +0.30 D) +0.54 126. If the correlation between severity of depression and age is –0.05, it means th