CMMB 561 Final Exam Actual Questions and Answers with complete solution

CMMB 561 Final Exam Actual Questions and Answers with complete solution What are some early uses of radiation? - answerTo find bullets on the battefield for soldiers, to treat certain diseases BiTEs vs BiKEs vs TriKEs - answerBiTEs: bi-speciifc T cell engager - has one of the scFVs targeting CD3 on the TCR to engage the T cell BiKEs: bi-specific NK cell engages - has one of the scFVs targeting CD16 on the NK cell receptor TRikEs: tri-specific NK cell engager.. - has an additional IL-15 cytokine that drives NK cell activation and expansion Significance of the radium girls: - answerpainted fluorescent numbers on to the watches of soldiers, using their mouth to shape the paint brush.. - all got mouth, jaw cancer What % of patients will receive radiation? - answerover 50%.. can also receive for palliative care, following surgery, and with chemo Where do photons come from? - answergamma, X-rays Brachytherapy: - answerradiation therapy where the source of radiation is placed into or close to the tumor What are the units of radiation absorption? 1 Gy = ____ Rad - answerGy = 1 Joule absorbed per kg 1 Gy = 100 Rad What happens prior to radiation therapy to the patient? - answerNeed to map the tumour using CT, PET, MRI to precisely identify its 3D shape and location EBRT: external beam radiation therapy - answeruses a LINAC (linear accelerator) to deliver a concentrated beam of radiation to the tumour, in hopes of sparing healthy tissues and organs What is the normal treatment plan for fractioned dose RT? - answerFraction into smaller doses that the pt receives every day for 5 weeks, rather than all at once - 1.8 Gy/day for 5 weeks - cumulative 60-80Gy IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy) - answeris a high-precision form of radiation therapy that directs radiation to conform with the 3D shape of the tumour - is non-uniform, using linear accelerators to provide multiple small volumes of radiation - modulates the intensity of radiation received by applying many small doses What are the normal background levels of ionizing radiation exposure per year? - answer5 uSv What are the major sources of background ionizing radiation? What percent of radiation exposure comes from natural sources - answerRadon accounts for 50% - but natural sources account for 82% (cosmic, terrestrial, internal) What is the lethal dose of radiation? - answerAround 7 Sv in a single dose How many Sv of radiation would you receive in a standard tumour therapy? - answer60 Sv over 30 fractions of 2 Sv (note that the lethal dose in a single treatment is around 7 Sv) What cancers are treated with Brachytherapy? - answerbreast, prostate, cervi