Testbank for Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th

TEST BANK FOR Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice, 8th Edition TEST BANK FOR Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice, 8th Edition Chapter 1-14 Chapter 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All public servants have the following characteristics except: a. paid from public purse b. special duties c. power to use force d. held to higher standard ANS: C REF: p. 4 OBJ: LO 2 2. Which of the following is not one of the ethical principles that govern public servants identified by the Josephson Institute? a. accountability b. democratic leadership c. public service d. incomplete judgment ANS: D REF: p.4 OBJ: LO 2 3. Those exempt from legal and moral culpability include all of the following except: a. the insane b. the young c. the poor d. one whose actions were coerced 4. 5. ANS: B REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 6. The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal is known as: ANS: C REF: p. 12 OBJ: LO 4 Which of the following is not one of Braswell’s reasons to study ethics? a. develop critical thinking skills b. become aware and open to ethical issues c. develop wholesight d. improve public image ANS: D REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 1 & 2 The term refers to what is judged as good conduct. a. values b. morality c. honor d. goodness a. normative ethics b. applied ethics c. forensic ethics d. meta-ethics ANS: D REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 7. ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis. a. Applied b. Normative c. Professional d. Conventional ANS: B REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 3 8. The application of ethical principles to specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called: a. meta-ethics b. normative ethics c. applied ethics d. practical ethics ANS: C REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 3 9. While duties are what you must do in order to be good, are commendable but not required actions. a. functions b. superogatories c. imperfect duties d. obligations ANS: B REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 10. A good Samaritan who jumps into a river to save a drowning child, risking his or her own life to do so, has performed a(n): a. professional duty b. ethical duty c. superogatory action d. moral duty ANS: C REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 11. Superogatories have to do with: a. duties b. virtues c. laws d. meta-ethics ANS: A REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 12. Which of the following is not an example of an imperfect duty? a. a duty to be honest b. a duty to be generous c. a duty to take your life 13.13. 14.14. d. to save someone from drowning ANS: A REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 d. a duty to help the poor ANS: C REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 If honesty or physical fitness are important to you, these traits would be: a. Duties b. Values c. Morals d. Superogatories ANS: B REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 Which of the following is an example of an imperfect duty? a. to be generous b. to not engage in infidelity c. to not cheat on a test 15. Which of the following statements about values is false? a. An explicit value system is a part of every ethical system. b. Our behavior is influenced by our value system. c. Values cannot be empirically verified. d. The value of survival is particular to the U.S. ethical system. ANS: D REF: pp. 9-10 OBJ: LO 3 16. Which of the following would not be considered a moral judgment? a. Capital punishment is just. b. Abortion results in the deaths of fetuses. c. Rich people should give back to the community. d. People who are capable of work should not accept welfare... ANS: B REF: pp. 10-11 OBJ: LO 4 17. According to the text, behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards involve four elements. Which of the following is one of these elements? a. the judge must be present in order to judge the act in question b. value systems are universal c. coerced actions may be judged d. behavior must stem from free will in order to be judged under ethical standards ANS: D REF: p. 11 OBJ: LO 4 18. We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly: a. threatens nature b. affects others c. deviates from the norm d. corrupts the social order ANS: B REF: p. 13 OBJ: LO 4 19. Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. Which of the following does not represents one of these four categories? a. theft b. malfeasance c. harassment d. marital infidelity ANS: D REF: pp. 14 OBJ: LO 2,4 20. The use of facts and objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision or understand a problem is known as: a. qualitative analysis b. discretion c. ethical balance d. critical thinking ANS: D REF: p. 16 OBJ: LO 5 21. An applied ethics approach presumes that individuals generally prefer to do: a. what they are told to do. b. what is right. c. what is personally most beneficial. d. what is most convenient. ANS: B REF: p. 14 OBJ: LO 5 22. According to the text, broad social questions, often concerning the government’s social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed are called: a. social dilemmas b. moral dilemmas c. ethical issues d. public conundrum ANS: C REF: p. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 23. Which of the following statements is not an example of an ethical issue? a. what sentences to attach to certain crimes b. decriminalization of soft drugs c. racial profiling d. filing charges against a particular minor ANS: D REF: p. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 24. Which of the following is not an example of an ethical issue as described in the text? a. what laws to pass b. what sentences to attach to certain crimes c. whether to abolish the death penalty 25.25. 26.26. c. whether the state should abolish the death penalty d. whether you should use marijuana for medicinal purposes ANS: D REF: p. 15 OBJ: LO 5 d. whether you should use marijuana for medicinal purposes ANS: D REF: p. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 Which of the following best describes a situation in which one person must make a decision about what to do? a. ethical issues b. ethical dilemmas c. ethical ruse d. ethical crisis ANS: B REF: p. 15 OBJ: LO 5 Which of the following statements represents an example of an ethical dilemma? a. what laws to pass b. what sentences to attach to certain crimes ANS: D REF: p. 15 OBJ: LO 5 According to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is: a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas d. interview all those involved ANS: B REF: p. 16 OBJ: LO 5 Which of the following is not one of the five steps necessary to clarify any dilemma presented in your text? a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas 27. Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma? a. racial profiling b. decriminalizing soft drugs c. the Patriot Act d. a judge reinstating a death sentence in a case 28.28. 29.29. d. seek the advice of moral or ethical judges ANS: D REF: p. 16-17 OBJ: LO 5 30. According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is: a. identify of potential values involved. b. review all the facts. c. identify all possible moral dilemmas. d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making. ANS: D REF: p. 17 OBJ: LO 5 CRITICAL THINKING Case 1.1 Larry’s house has caught fire, and he is trapped inside. The neighbors called 911. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors entered the house in an attempt to save Larry. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry’s porch so that his dog could run to safety. 1. The neighbor who entered the burning house was performing a: a. moral imperative b. superogatory action c. professional duty d. discretionary duty ANS: B REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 2. The neighbor who entered the burning house was frightened but had always valued the concept of heroism. Now faced with the opportunity, he chose to act heroically. In this example, heroism is an example of a(n): a. imperfect duty b. universal obligation c. personal obligation d. moral obligation ANS: A REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 3. The neighbor who tore away the screening hesitated at first because he was of the belief that it was wrong to destroy another’s property. At the same time, he also was of the belief that he should rescue the dog. These conflicting beliefs constituted a(n): a. “contradiction of values.” b. superogatory. c. ethical dilemma. d. legal contradiction. ANS: C REF: p. 15 OBJ: LO 5 4. As opposed to the neighbor, the firefighters who attempted to save Larry were performing a(n): a. duty. b. discretionary act. c. imperfect duty. d. superogatory. ANS: A REF: p. 8-9 OBJ: LO 3 Case 1.2 John, a mentally handicapped adult, is charged with arson. Upon hearing the court-appointed psychologist’s report and reviewing the defendant’s documented history of mental illness, the judge dismissed the criminal charges. 5. The judge has determined that John is not to be held responsible because he (John) lacks: a. wholesight. b. discretion. c. a proper value system. d. free will. ANS: D REF: p. 12-13 OBJ: LO 3,4 6. By obtaining the facts and then using objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision, the judge is exhibiting: a. wholesight b. critical thinking c. legal discretion d. a value system ANS: B REF: p. 16 OBJ: LO 1,4 7. By relating his ethical principles to this specific issue, the judge is providing an example of: a. meta-ethics b. normative ethics c. applied ethics d. universal ethics ANS: C REF: p. 8,16 OBJ: LO 5 Case 1.3 Officer Smith is patrolling a city park at night. He comes across a man and woman kissing in a parked car, and tells them that it is not legal to be in the park after dark and that they need to move along. Later, he comes across two men in a parked car. Instead of telling them to move on, Officer Smith writes a citation for the driver. 8. By allowing the first couple to leave without being cited, despite the fact that technically they were guilty of an infraction, the Officer Smith was exhibiting: a. normative ethics b. malfeasance c. discretion d. an ethical dilemma ANS: C REF: p. 2-3 OBJ: LO 1,3 9. The officer’s perception of correct behavior and his “moral duty” is based on his ethical system. This in known as: a. professional ethics b. normative ethics c. superogative duty d. imperfect duty ANS: B REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 1,3 10. By allowing his personal views to result in unequal treatment of members of the public, Officer Smith is in violation of his: a. professional ethics. b. normative ethics. c. superogative duty. d. imperfect duty. ANS: A REF: p. 8,14 OBJ: LO 1,3 TRUE/FALSE 1. According to your text, prosecutors face the most public scrutiny of all criminal justice professionals. ANS: F REF: p. 3 OBJ: LO 1 2. In common usage, the terms “ethical” and “moral” are often considered as being interchangeable. ANS: T REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 3. Superogatories are actions that a moral person must perform. ANS: F REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 4. Imperfect duties are general duties that should be upheld but do not have a specific application as to when or how. ANS: T REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 5. Committing suicide on a desert island falls within the sphere of moral judgment. ANS: T REF: p. 13 OBJ: LO 4 6. Moral judgments must involve an actual act, not just a thought or belief. ANS: T REF: p. 11 OBJ: LO 4 7. Moral culpability is assigned to all human beings since we all have the ability to decide what is good or bad. ANS: F REF: p. 12 OBJ: LO 4 The first step in analyzing an ethical dilemma is to consider the underlying values of of the involved parties. ANS: F REF: p. 16 OBJ: LO 5 We make ethical judgments using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems. ANS: T REF: p. 19 OBJ: LO 5 Facts are capable of scientific proof, but values and moral judgments are not. ANS: T REF: p. 10 OBJ: LO 3 Prosecutors’ primary ethical duty is to pursue a conviction. 8. The primary distinction between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas is that issues are broad and dilemmas are specific. ANS: T REF: pp. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 9. each 10.10. 11.11. 12.12. ANS: F REF: p. 3 OBJ: LO 1,2 13. Roughly half of all college students surveyed have cheated on tests or papers, despite believing cheating to be wrong. ANS: F REF: p. 14 OBJ: LO 5 14. Exploring with one’s heart as well as one’s mind is known as “wholesight.” ANS: T REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 15. An applied ethics approach presumes that individuals generally prefer to do what is right. ANS: T REF: p. 14 OBJ: LO 5 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 1. The term refers to the power to make a decision or choice. ANS: discretion REF: p. 2 OBJ: LO 1 2. The term refers to exploring issues with one’s heart as well as one’s mind. ANS: wholesight REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 3. The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct is called . ANS: ethics REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 4. refers to the application of ethical principles to specific issues. ANS: Applied ethics REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 3 5. is the discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or universal. ANS: Meta-ethics REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 3 6. defines moral duties based on ethical systems.. ANS: Normative ethics REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 3 7. The term refers to applied ethics relevant to a particular occupation or profession. ANS: professional ethics REF: p. 8 OBJ: LO 3 8. The term refers to commendable actions that are not required in order to be considered moral. ANS: superogatories REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 9. are defined as judgments of desirability, worth, or importance. ANS: Values REF: p. 9 OBJ: LO 3 10. Ethical are broad social questions, often concerning the government’s social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed. ANS: issues REF: pp. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 11. Asking whether something is is not necessarily the same question as asking whether something is right. ANS: legal REF: p. 2 OBJ: LO 2 12. is usually the reason given for criminalizing certain forms of behavior. ANS: Public safety REF: p. 2 OBJ: LO 1,2 13. Many people suffer from personal crises when their actions conflict with their . ANS: consciences REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 5 14. The study of ethics is especially important for criminal justice professionals because the criminal justice system is uniquely involved in . ANS: coercion REF: p. 6 OBJ: LO 1,2 15. have the power to define behavior as illegal and, therefore, punishable. ANS: Legislators REF: p. 2 OBJ: LO 1,2 ESSAY 1. List and discuss the elements that all professionals in the criminal justice system have in common. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 4 OBJ: LO 1,2 Compare and contrast morals and ethics. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 6-8 OBJ: LO 3 List and discuss the four branches of ethics presented in the text. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 6-8 OBJ: LO 3 Compare and contrast duties and superogatories. Give an example of each. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 8-9 OBJ: LO 3 Describe and discuss the relationship between duties and values as presented in your 2. List and discuss Felkenes’ reasons why it is important for criminal justice professionals to study ethics. Pay particular attention to the aspects of criminal justice occupations that make it so critical that we study and understand ethics. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 5 OBJ: LO 2 3. 4. 5. 6. text. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 8-9 OBJ: LO 3 7. Consider a judge who must determine whether a 16-year-old who committed a violent crime should be tried as an adult. Identify the ethical dilemma(s) the judge faces and describe how she might arrive at an ethical decision. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 16-17 OBJ: LO 2,4 8. According to the text, most behaviors might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. List and discuss these four categories and provide an example of each. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 14 OBJ: LO 4 9. Compare and contrast ethical issues and ethical dilemmas. Provide an example of each. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 14-15 OBJ: LO 5 10. List and discuss the five steps used to clarify any ethical dilemma that are presented in the text. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 16-17 OBJ: LO 5 CHAPTER 2 – Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: a. a norm system b. an ethical system c. a morality guide d. a principled guide ANS: B REF: p. 24 OBJ: LO 2 2. Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems? a. universal in nature b. authoritative c. based on God (however defined) d. not-self serving ANS: C REF: p. 25 OBJ: LO 2 d. Teleological systems prioritize the means over the ends. ANS: A REF: pp. 33-35 OBJ: LO 1 Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system? a. Utilitarianism b. ethics of care c. ethics of virtue d. ethical formalism ANS: D REF: pp. 33-35 OBJ: LO 1 An ethical system which judges the consequences of an act is referred to as: a. a deontological ethical system b. a teleological ethical system c. a formal ethical system 3. The difference between deontological ethical systems and teleological ethical systems is that: a. Deontological systems focus on intent instead of consequences. b. Deontological systems prioritize the ends over the means. c. Teleological systems focus on intent instead of consequences. 4. 5. d. a theological ethical system ANS: B REF: p.35 OBJ: LO 1 . 6. Which statement is not consistent with ethical formalism? a. Moral law is self-imposed. b. Moral actions are determined by reason. c. Lying is never justified. d. Individuals cannot control the consequences of their decisions. ANS: C REF: pp. 33-34 OBJ: LO 1 7. Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true? a. Hypothetical imperatives command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences b. Hypothetical imperatives refer to the concept that some things just must be and don’t require further justification c. Hypothetical imperatives refer to the imperative that you should do your duty and act the way you want everyone else to act d. Hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends ANS: D REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 1 8. In utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action. a. Rule b. Act c. Hypothetical d. categorical ANS: A REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 1 9. In utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from an action is examined. a. rule b. act c. hypothetical d. categorical ANS: B REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 1 10. The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a willful and rational: a. clergy b. leader c. God d. ecclesia ANS: C REF: p. 30 OBJ: LO 2 11. According to Barry, human beings can “know” God’s will in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways? a. Individual conscience b. Religious authorities c. Holy scriptures d. Individual occurrence ANS: D REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 2 12.12. 13.13. 14. The system of ethics of virtue is associated with: a. Kant b. Aquinas Which ethical system embraces human’s inclination for self-preservation? a. ethical formalism b. natural law c. ethics of care d. ethics of virtue ANS: B REF: pp. 29-30 OBJ: LO 2,5 Which is not considered a moral virtue? a. Thriftiness b. Industriousness c. Love d. Honesty ANS: C REF: p. 27 OBJ: LO 2 c. Aristotle d. Hobbes ANS: C REF: p. 28 OBJ: LO 2 15. Aristotle’s concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency, is called: a. the principle of eudaimonia b. the principle of the golden mean c. the principle of moral latitude d. the principle of the moral exemplar ANS: B REF: p. 27 OBJ: LO 2 16. Which of the following is not one of “The 6 Pillars of Character” presented in the text? a. Fairness b. Caring c. Respect d. Humility ANS: D REF: p. 28 OBJ: LO 2 17. Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence? a. Citizenship b. Trustworthiness c. Caring d. Respect ANS: C REF: p. 28 OBJ: LO 2,5 . 18.18. 19.19. 20. The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectedness, caring, and: a. Respect b. Mindfulness c. Fairness Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” includes being a good steward of the natural resources and doing one’s fair share? a. Citizenship b. Trustworthiness c. Caring d. Respect ANS: A REF: p. 28 OBJ: LO 2,5 Which ethical system is concerned with needs and relationships? a. Virtue b. Religion c. Ethical Formalism d. Ethics of care ANS: D REF: p. 37 OBJ: LO 2,5 d. Equity ANS: B REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 2 . 21. postulates that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral. a. Altruism b. Narcissism c. Egoism d. Philanthropy ANS: C REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 3,5 22. Giving to charity or volunteering are examples of: a. enlightened egoism b. altruistic egoism c. psychological egoism d. religious egoism ANS: C REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 3,5 23. Altruistic acts that benefit the individual by ensuring reciprocal assistance reflect: a. enlightened egoism b. altruistic egoism c. psychological egoism d. religious egoism ANS: A REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 3 24.24. 25.25. Which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson? a. the egoistic principle b. the golden mean principle c. the utilitarian principle d. the ethical principle ANS: C REF: p. 41 OBJ: LO 2 The _ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule. a. generalization b. imperative c. utilitarian d. golden mean ANS: B REF: p. 41 OBJ: LO 1 26. Subcultural deviance theory is most consistent with which type of ethical system? a. Deontological b. Absolutist c. Legalist d. Relativist ANS: D REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 4 27. describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes. a. Moral absolutism b. Ethical relativism c. Sub-cultural moralism d. Global relativism ANS: B REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 4,5 28. Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false? a. It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection of their own freedom and well-being b. It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm c. It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable d. It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable ANS: C REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 29. The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called: a. moral pluralism b. utilitarianism c. ethical formalism d. natural law ANS: A REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4,5 30. Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for: a. absolutism b. relativism c. formalism d. pluralism ANS: B REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 CRITICAL THINKING Case 2.1 Larry has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber. The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of Larry’s kids if he does not hand over his wallet. 1. Larry has always professed non-violence, but in this instance he fights the robber to protect his child. Technically, by fighting, he is violating his moral belief that one should be non-violent. His decision to fight in this instance, which he believes to be justified, is an example of: 2. 3. A teleological response to the situation would require Larry to: a. remain passive, regardless of the consequences b. pray for guidance c. fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict d. only be concerned with protecting himself a. Absolutism b. Universality c. Egoism d. Situational ethics ANS: D REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 A deontological response to the situation would require Larry to: a. remain passive, regardless of the consequences b. pray for guidance c. fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict d. only be concerned with protecting himself ANS: A REF: pp. 33-34 OBJ: LO 1,5 ANS: C REF: pp. 35-36 OBJ: LO 1,5 4. As stated in the scenario, Larry donates to charity but still provides a comfortable life for his family. He has found a balance between the competing virtues of giving to the lessfortunate while also ensuring that he provides for his family. This is an illustration of: a. ethical formalism b. egoism c. natural law d. principle of the golden mean ANS: D REF: p. 27 OBJ: LO 2,5 Case 2.2 Mary is a new police officer. One day she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room. Mary’s ethical system includes a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers. On the other hand, she also believes in upholding the law. 5. Mary’s situation is an example of: a. cultural relativism b. egoism c. an ethical dilemma d. the ethics of care ANS: C REF: p. 24 OBJ: LO 2 a. ethical formalism b. egoism c. principle of forfeiture d. principle of the golden mean ANS: C REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 6. Mary decides to report the crime that she observed, even though it will mean that her fellow officers will lose their jobs and might also be prosecuted. She has decided that the other officers brought this upon themselves; they WERE originally worthy of her loyalty, but lost that loyalty through their own actions. This illustrates: 7. Mary’s decision to report the crime had negative effects for the two officers involved, and for Mary personally. However, the rest of the community has benefited from the removal of corrupt police officers. A(n) viewpoint would find this outcome to be ethical. a. absolutist b. utilitarian c. egoist d. imperative ANS: B REF: pp. 36-37 OBJ: LO 1,5 Case 2.3 The environmental movement in the United States seeks to protect forests and other pristine lands. To most Americans, respecting natural lands and animals probably is consistent with their ethical system. In some other countries, laws protecting the lands do not exist. Farmers and ranchers routinely “slash and burn” in order to farm or raise livestock, and loggers harvest trees indiscriminately. There is no ethical dilemma, since their society accepts these practices as normal and necessary. 8. In this instance, their society’s definitions differ from the American definitions. This is an example of: a. deontology b. egoism c. cultural relativism d. absolutism ANS: C REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 4 9. Farmers, ranchers, and loggers in these countries engage in these practices because they deem it necessary to provide for their families. Because their focus is on providing for their families and communities, they are adhering to the ethical system known as: a. ethics of care b. egoism c. psychological egoism d. golden mean ANS: A REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 2,5 10. In America, state, federal, and local governments have enacted laws to protect forests from destruction. Through these laws, the overall community is protected, even though individuals may be negatively affected. By meeting the needs of the overall community, these laws exhibit: a. principle of forfeiture b. principle of the golden mean c. hypothetical imperative d. utilitarianism ANS: D REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 1,5 TRUE/FALSE 1. Ethical systems are the same as moral rules. ANS: F REF: pp. 25-26 OBJ: LO 2 2. Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system. ANS: T REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1 3. Giving someone a car because they need it is a good act according to ethical formalism, even if he later dies in a crash because the brakes failed. ANS: T REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1,5 4. Telling a lie to someone who doesn’t deserve the truth is not a lie according to ethical formalism. ANS: T REF: pp. 34-35 OBJ: LO 1 5. Utilitarianism would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority. ANS: T REF: pp. 35-36 OBJ: LO 1,5 6. The definition of eudaimonia or happiness is equivalent to the idea of hedonism. ANS: F REF: p. 27 OBJ: LO 2 7. Under the ethics of virtue philosophy, it is possible to have an excess of honor, truth, or shame. ANS: T REF: p. 27 OBJ: LO 2 8. Acts of charity are inconsistent with enlightened egoism. ANS: F REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 3 9. The imperative principle is associated with utilitarianism. ANS: F REF: p. 41 OBJ: LO 1 10. The most commonly utilized ethical systems are religion and egoism. ANS: F REF: p. 26 OBJ: LO 2 11. Socrates believed that ignorance leads to bad behavior because if one was rational and wise, he or she would know what virtue was and behave accordingly. ANS: T REF: p. 26 OBJ: LO 2 12. Aristotle believed that, by nature, we are born “good” and some later learn to be evil. ANS: F REF: pp. 26-27 OBJ: LO 2 13.13. 14.14. A man makes a donation to charity for the purpose of looking good to his friends. A deontological review of this action would find it immoral. ANS: T REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1,5 A teleological ethical system would approve of a bad act if it resulted in a good consequence. ANS: T REF: p. 35 OBJ: LO 1,5 15. “Situational ethics” is an example of an absolutist ethical system. ANS: F REF: pp. 44-45 OBJ: LO 4 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 1. systems emphasize the intent of the actor or good will as the key element of morality. ANS: Deontological ethical REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1 2. The term holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative ethical system. ANS: ethical formalism REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1,5 3. is an ethical system that defines good as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number. ANS: Utilitarianism REF: p. 35 OBJ: LO 1,5 4. suggests that preservation of one’s own being is a basic principle of morality. ANS: Natural law REF: pp. 29-30 OBJ: LO 2,5 5. is an ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of valued qualities. ANS: ethics of virtue REF: p. 26 OBJ: LO 2 6. is an ethical system that defines what is good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships. ANS: ethics of care REF: p. 37 OBJ: LO 2,5 7. According to the concept of humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that they can do nothing else because it is their nature. ANS: psychological egoism REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 3 8. The term refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them. ANS: principle of forfeiture REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 ANS: cultural relativism REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 4 9. The refers to the idea that when one violates someone else’s rights, he gives up his own right to be treated under the principles of respect. 10. is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal trut different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors. ANS: situational ethics REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 4 11. have several characteristics; among them are the facts that they are the source of moral beliefs and that they are the underlying premises upon which we base our judgments. ANS: Ethical systems REF: p. 24 OBJ: LO 2 12. Harris defined ethical systems as a systematic ordering of . ANS: moral principles REF: p. 25 OBJ: LO 2 13. Socrates and Plato identified four virtues: justice, wisdom, , and . ANS: fortitude and temperance REF: p. 26 OBJ: LO 2 14. According to Hinduism, the concept of suggests that what happens in a future life is determined by how we behave in our present life. ANS: karma REF: p. 32 OBJ: LO 2 15. Under _ ethics, the murder of one person would be justified if it resulted in many others being saved. ANS: utilitarian REF: pp. 35-36 OBJ: LO 1 ESSAY 1. Discuss the differences between teleological systems and deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 33-36 OBJ: LO 1 2. Describe two teleological ethical systems and describe two deontological systems. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 33-37 OBJ: LO 1 3. Compare and contrast hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Provide an example of each. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 1 4. Discuss the similarities between the religious systems presented in the chapter. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 31-33 OBJ: LO 2 5. Compare the natural law system with religion. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 32-34 OBJ: LO 2 6. Describe and discuss the ethics of virtue ethical system. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 29-31 OBJ: LO 2 7. Describe another way of resolving ethical dilemmas that does not use the ethical systems. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 41-42 OBJ: LO 2 8. Define cultural relativism. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 43-44 OBJ: LO 4 10. Review egoism and identify its relationship to natural law. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 39-40 OBJ: LO 3 CHAPTER 3 – Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The mediator between people’s essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as: a. law b. ethics c. justice d. mercy 9. Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 43-44 OBJ: LO 4 ANS: C REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 d. “judgers” ANS: D REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a valid component of civil disobedience? a. Any activity must be approved by whatever authority is in power. b. A major moral issue must be at stake. c. It must be nonviolent. d. No other legitimate means of correcting with the issue should be available. ANS: A REF: p. 71 OBJ: LO 5 Which type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society’s resources? a. distributive justice b. commutative justice 2. Anthony Walsh describes the following types of humans in his illustration of justice as a result of evolution, except: a. “cheaters” b. “grudgers” c. “suckers” 3. 4. c. exemplary justice d. corrective justice ANS: A REF: p. 53 OBJ: LO 2 d. Marxist ANS: A REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits individuals and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs. a. Libertarian b. Utilitarian c. Egalitarian d. Marxist ANS: B REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 Which theory of distributive justice places need above desert or entitlement? a. Libertarian b. Utilitarian c. Egalitarian d. Marxist 5. Which theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods? a. Libertarian b. Utilitarian c. Egalitarian 6. for 7. ANS: D REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 8. Which theory of distributive justice starts with the basic premise of equality? a. Libertarian b. Utilitarian c. Egalitarian d. Marxist ANS: C REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 9. The idea that government should restore order, but the community should establish peace is a characteristic of which concept? a. Substantive justice b. Restorative justice c. Egalitarian philosophy d. Marxist philosophy ANS: B REF: pp. 67-68 OBJ: LO 4 10. Which of the following is not an aspect of Rawls’s theory of justice? a. utilitarian principles b. concern for rights c. freedom from government interference d. concern for the least advantaged members of society ANS: C REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 11. Rawls’s veil of ignorance states that: a. Welfare should be given to the least advantaged or ignorant in our society. b. One must be ignorant of their own position in society in order to make just decisions. c. Ignorance results in unfairness. d. Because we are ignorant of God’s plan, equal distribution of goods is the most just. ANS: B REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 12. Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice? a. Ethics of Virtue b. Ethical Formalism c. Ethics of Care d. Utilitarianism ANS: C REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 13. While justice involves the concept of just deserts, justice concerns the steps we must take before administering punishment. a. procedural; substantive b. substantive; distributive c. substantive; procedural d. procedural; distributive ANS: C REF: p. 60 OBJ: LO 3 14. Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of: a. distributive justice b. corrective justice c. punitive justice d. restorative justice ANS: B REF: p. 60 OBJ: LO 3 . 15. Which of the following statements is false? a. The ethics of care is consistent with a Marxist theory of justice since both emphasize need. b. Utilitarian theories try to maximize societal good, thus some balance of need and merit would be necessary to provide the incentive to produce. c. Ethical formalism is concerned solely with rights, thus, issues of societal good may not be as important. d. Rawls’s theory is solely Kantian because it demands a basic level of individual rights. ANS: D REF: pp. 59-60 OBJ: LO 2 16. “An eye for an eye” and “a tooth for a tooth” are examples of: a. lex talionis b. lex salica c. lex rasa d. lex mala ANS: A REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 17. Retributive justice is best described by what term? a. Balance b. Deterrence c. Compensation d. Rehabilitation ANS: A REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 18. An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called: a. Refuge b. Sanctuary c. Asylum d. Haven ANS: B REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 19. The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called: a. utilitarian justice b. restorative justice c. compensatory justice d. egalitarian justice ANS: A REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 20. According to Beccaria’s and Bentham’s utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on: a. the character of the victim b. the concept of mercy c. the seriousness of the crime d. the social status of the perpetrator ANS: C REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 21. The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with: a. Rawls b. Bentham c. Hirschi d. Sutherland ANS: B REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 22. Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice? a. Utilitarian b. Retributive c. Substantive d. Compensatory ANS: A REF: pp. 63-64 OBJ: LO 3 23. Procedural protections that are part of due process include all of the following except: a. Right to appeal b. Right to the statement of findings c. Right to restart proceedings d. Right to a neutral hearing body ANS: C REF: pp. 64-65 OBJ: LO 3 24. Boss described unjust laws as having several characteristics. Which of the following is not one of these characteristics? a. they are degrading to humans b. they are discriminatory against certain groups c. they are universal d. they are unjustly applied ANS: C REF: p. 70 OBJ: LO 5 25. The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one’s moral beliefs is called: a. due process b. moral exception c. ethical justice d. civil disobedience ANS: D REF: p. 71 OBJ: LO 5 26. is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims. a. Distributive justice b. Restorative justice c. Civil justice d. Utilitarian justice ANS: B REF: pp. 67-68 OBJ: LO 4 27. Hallmarks of community justice models include the following except: a. The process of justice employs local leadership, is informal, and invites participation from community members. b. The goal is to repair the harm done to a community member by another community member in a way that will restore the health of the community relationship. c. The authority of the justice giver is through the customs and traditions accepted by all members. d. The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or greater severity than the crime itself. ANS: D REF: p. 68 OBJ: LO 4 28. The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as: a. Mayan and Aztec law b. Chinese law c. Roman and Grecian law 29.29. 30.30. b. Corrective c. Utilitarianism d. Distributive ANS: B REF: pp. 53-54 OBJ: LO 3 d. Common law ANS: C REF: p. 68 OBJ: LO 4 The goals of community reparative boards include all the following except: a. promote citizen ownership of process b. provide an opportunity for the offender to take personal responsibility c. provide opportunity for victims and community members to confront offenders in a constructive manner d. provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the law to match their local customs ANS: D REF: p. 68 OBJ: LO 4 Which type of justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law? a. Commutative CRITICAL THINKING Case 3.1 Sam has been convicted of burglary, theft, possession of drug paraphernalia, and destruction of private property. This was the result of an incident where he broke into the Jones’ home, causing damage to the sliding door in the process. He stole approximately $500 worth of items, and was caught trying to sell a stolen DVD player at a pawn shop. He explained that he was a heroin addict and was stealing in order to be able to buy drugs. 1. Assume that Sam was given a sentence that included probation with the condition of drug treatment. The judge is of the opinion that if Sam can break his addiction then he will not need to return to crime. If the judge’s intention is to help Sam, we could say her decision is based on the ethics of care. If her purpose was to rehabilitate Sam so that the community would benefit by removing his need to commit crimes, this would be consistent with the idea of: a. restorative justice b. retributive justice c. deterrence d. utilitarianism ANS: D REF: pp. 61,64 OBJ: LO 3 2. Assume that Sam accepted the judge’s offer to enter into a mediation process, where he and the family he stole from arrived at a mutual solution. As a result, Sam will provide $500 worth of yard work and is responsible for getting the door repaired. This sentence is consistent with the idea of: a. restorative justice b. retributive justice c. deterrence d. ethics of care ANS: A REF: pp. 67-68 OBJ: LO 4 3. Assume that the judge sentenced Sam to a straight jail term. She believes simply that Sam has caused harm and should be punished for it. This sentence is consistent with the idea of: a. restorative justice b. retributive justice c. deterrence d. ethics of care ANS: B REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 Case 3.2 Before coming to trial, Sam was assigned a public defender, was informed of the charges, and was given a chance to review the evidence against him. At the trial, the prosecutor called the crime scene investigator to the stand, and she provided scientific evidence to show that Sam had indeed been inside the victim’s home. d. impartiality ANS: B REF: pp. 64-65 OBJ: LO 3 These pre-trial activities are part of the process of: a. substantive justice b. procedural justice c. ethics of care d. peacemaking justice ANS: B REF: p. 64 OBJ: LO 3 The evidence that the crime scene investigator presented would have had to meet: a. the “Rawls test” b. the “veil of ignorance test” c. the “impartiality standard” 4. The public defender, presentation of charges, and the discovery process were all elements of , which is guaranteed by the Constitution. a. restoration b. due process c. utilitarianism 5. 6. d. the “Daubert standard” ANS: D REF: p. 73 OBJ: LO 3 Case 3.3 Mary owns her own consulting business. Among her employees are: Sue -- the receptionist and a single mother of three; Joe -- the web designer and marketing manager, single, has an MBA; Larry -- a married salesman who makes few sales and cares for an elderly parent; and Carla -- a single salesperson who makes the majority of the company’s sales. 7. Assume that Mary agrees with Marxist theories. Which of the following would you expect? a. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in b. Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due to their family needs c. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all employees d. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the employees ANS: B REF: pp. 54-55 OBJ: LO 2 8. Assume that Mary agrees with egalitarian theories. Which of the following would you expect? a. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in b. Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due to their family needs c. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all employees d. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the employees ANS: C REF: pp. 54-55 OBJ: LO 2 9. Assume that Mary believes in distributive justice based on “desert.” Which of the following would you expect? a. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in b. Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due to their family needs c. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all employees d. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the employees ANS: A REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 10. Assume that Mary agrees with libertarian theories. All of the following are possible EXCEPT: a. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in b. Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due to their family needs c. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all employees d. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the employees ANS: D REF: pp. 54,56 OBJ: LO 2 TRUE/FALSE 1. Some actions might be considered “good” but are not demanded by justice. ANS: T REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 2. According to Aristotle, slavery was not necessarily unjust, as long as the slaves were naturally best suited to be slaves. ANS: T REF: p. 53 OBJ: LO 2 3. Distributing society’s goods based on need is associated with the Marxist approach to justice. ANS: T REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 4. Rawls’s theory of justice is consistent with rights-based theories of justice. ANS: T REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 5. Substantive justice involves the determination of just deserts. ANS: T REF: pp. 60-61 OBJ: LO 3 6. Procedural justice necessarily produces substantive justice. ANS: F REF: p. 64 OBJ: LO 3 7. Sanctuary allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the clergy. ANS: F REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 8. The Latin term associated with “an eye for an eye” is lex salica. ANS: F REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 9. Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of society. ANS: F REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 10. Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to society. ANS: F REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 11. Marxist theories state that resources should be distributed according to what one needs, rather than what one deserves. ANS: T REF: p. 55 OBJ: LO 2 12. Philosophical support for rehabilitative treatment of criminals can be found in natural law. ANS: F REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 13 . In Walsh’s theory of the evolution of justice, “grudgers” emerged as a response to “cheaters.” ANS: T REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 14. Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without discrimination or bias. ANS: T REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 15. Libertarian theory states that it is the role of government to provide as much guidance and control over the citizens as possible. ANS: F REF: p. 56 OBJ: LO 2 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 1. According to Walsh, moral outrage is a(n) response. ANS: evolutionary REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 1 2. is concerned with punishments and sanctions. ANS: Corrective justice REF: pp. 53-54 OBJ: LO 3 3. justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society. ANS: Distributive REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 2 4. theories start with the basic premise of equal treatment or equal shares for all. ANS: Egalitarian REF: pp. 54-55 OBJ: LO 2 5. The constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to ensure fairness in any governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called , ANS: due process REF: p. 64 OBJ: LO 3 6. justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusion of law. ANS: Procedural REF: pp. 60,64 OBJ: LO 3 7. punishment seeks to balance the victim’s harm with the offender’s pain. ANS: Retributive REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 8. Rawls’ concept of a way to make moral judges unbiased by not knowing what role one might play in a moral issue is referred to as . ANS: veil of ignorance REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 9. justice is concerned with ensuring the best possible outcome for society at large. ANS: Utilitarian REF: p. 63 OBJ: LO 3 10. Bentham’s idea that individuals weigh potential profit or pleasure against potential pain or punishment is called . ANS: hedonistic calculus REF: pp. 63-64 OBJ: LO 3 11. Since they both emphasize meeting needs, “ethics of care” is consistent with a theory of justice. ANS: Marxist REF: pp. 54-55 OBJ: LO 2 12. One of the advantages of was that it was considered more humane than corporal punishment. ANS: imprisonment REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 13. In order for scientific evidence to be entered into a criminal trial, it must meet the standard in most states. ANS: Daubert REF: p.73 OBJ: LO 3 14. In a utilitarian system, the purpose of punishment is to future crime. ANS: deter REF: pp. 63-64 OBJ: LO 3 15. Community justice is similar to restorative justice, but with more emphasis on . ANS: prevention REF: p. 68 OBJ: LO 4 ESSAY 1. Explain how Aristotle and Plato associated natural law with justice. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 53 OBJ: LO 2 2. Review Rawls’ theory and explain the criticisms that have been offered. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 59 OBJ: LO 2 Describe the various theories of distributive justice. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 54-56 OBJ: LO 2 Compare and contrast substantive justice and procedural justice. Give an example of ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 60-65 OBJ: LO 3 Compare and contrast lex talionis and lex salica. Give an example of each. ANS: answer not provided REF: p. 61 OBJ: LO 3 Explain the relationship between mercy and justice. 3. Describe Aristotle’s two categories of justice. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 53-54 OBJ: LO 2 4. 5. each. 6. 7. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 62-63 OBJ: LO 3 9. Discuss the factors associated with the utilitarian argument for punishment. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 63-64 OBJ: LO 3 10. Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide examples. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 71-72 OBJ: LO 5 CHAPTER 4 – Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy? a. frontal lobes 8. Explain restorative justice and community justice, and include how they differ. ANS: answer not provided REF: pp. 67-69 OBJ: LO 4 b. inferior parietal lobe c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere ANS: A REF: p. 82 OBJ: LO 1 2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage? a. difficulty in logical reasoning b. impulsivity c. tendency toward apathy d. loss of motor function ANS: D REF: p. 82 OBJ: LO 1 3. Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual’s ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms? a. memory tests b. spatial skill tests c. recognition tests d. intelligence tests ANS: C REF: p. 89 OBJ: LO 1 4. Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except: a. antisocial tendencies b. delinquency c. conduct disorders d. intelligence ANS: D REF: p. 82 OBJ: LO 1 5. Shermer believes that morality is a product of? a. Learning 6. 7. b. cognitive dissonance c. reinforcement d. modeling b. Reasoning c. Evolution d. Negative reinforcement ANS: C REF: p. 81 OBJ: LO 1 According to learning theorists: a. Behavior arises from moral beliefs. b. Moral behavior arises through reason. c. Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement. d. Negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief. ANS: C REF: p. 83 OBJ: LO 1 Which of the following is not associated with learning theory? a. moral reasoning ANS: A REF: pp. 83-84 OBJ: LO 1 8. Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate: a. caring b. modeling c. knowledge of weaknesses d. friendship ANS: B REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 5 9. Pinker refers to the incorrect belief that the body is separate from the mind as: a. the “blank slate” b. ”moral imagination” c. the “ghost in the machine” d. the “noble savage” ANS: C REF: p. 80 OBJ: LO 3 10. A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on rather than rules. a. shared values and problem solving b. legal requirements for each position c. reviewing and updating the organization’s Code of Ethics d. defining basic terms for new recruits ANS: A REF: p. 95 OBJ: LO 4 11. Social learning theory was developed by: a. Albert Bandura b. Jean Piaget c. Erik Erikson d. B. F. Skinner ANS: A REF: p. 83 OBJ: LO 1 12. can be defined as the individual’s feelings of competence, and this sense is developed by comparing the self to others. a. Cognitive dissonance b. Self-efficacy c. Euphemistic morality d. Self-adequacy ANS: B REF: p. 83 OBJ: LO 1 13. Sanitizing language, such as “wasting” or “whacking” instead of killing is an example of: a. behavioral classification b. metaphorical cataloging c. cognitive adage d. euphemistic labeling ANS: D REF: p. 92 OBJ: LO 3 14. Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true? a. Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg. b. Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development. c. Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical. d. Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism. ANS: B REF: p. 83 OBJ: LO 1 15. According to Bandura, self-regulation can be “turned off,” leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms? a. Dehumanization b. Displacement of responsibility c. Advantageous labeling d. Disregard of the consequences ANS: C REF: p. 92 OBJ: LO 3 16. Who of the following is not associated with developmental theories? a. Kohlberg b. Bentham c. Gilligan d. Piaget ANS: B REF: pp. 84-87 OBJ: LO 1 17. Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false? a. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally. b. Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity. c. Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists. d. Kohlberg’s moral stages of development consist of two levels of moral reasoning, with three stages in each level. ANS: D REF: pp. 84-85 OBJ: LO 2 18. Research indicates, for instance, that when workers are busy and stressed, they are more likely to make unethical choices because, possibly, the brain processes responsible for is already overloaded with other demands a. remembering ethics training b. perceiving instructions being given c. communicating with co-workers d. rationally deciding the correct action ANS: D REF: p. 91 OBJ: LO 5 19. According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development? a. punishment and obedience orientation b. instrument and relativity orientation c. social contract orientation 20.20. 21.21. c. un-conventional d. conventional ANS: A REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 d. law and order orientation ANS: A REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 Which of Kohlberg’s moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 ANS: C REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 During Kohlberg’s level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional 22. During Kohlberg’s level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional ANS: B REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 23. During Kohlberg’s level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good. a. pre-conventional b. post-conventional c. un-conventional d. conventional ANS: D REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 24. Which of Kohlberg’s moral stages centers on universal ethical principles? a. Stage 3 b. Stage 4 c. Stage 5 d. Stage 6 ANS: D REF: pp. 84-86 OBJ: LO 2 25. Kohlberg advanced the possibility of a seventh stage described as a: a. “enlightened” stage involving law-and-order orientation b. “soft” stage of ethical awareness with an orientation of cosmic or religious thinking c. “universal” stage where the child becomes aware of and is concerned with others’ needs d. “final” stage where the individual performs conventionally determined good behavior to be considered a good person ANS: B REF: p. 85 OBJ: LO 2 26. Which of the following individuals added a “care perspective” to Kohlberg’s theory? a. Jean Piaget b. Albert Bandura c. Carol Gilligan d. Jackson Flanagan ANS: C REF: p. 86 OBJ: LO 2 27. Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true? a. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally b. Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages c. Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist d. Developmental theories argue that individual have normal “moral imaginations” ANS: A REF: p. 84 OBJ: LO 1 28. According to the “corruption continuum” organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except: a. administrative indifference toward integrity b. ignoring obvious ethical problems c. hypocrisy and fear dominated culture d. charismatic leadership ANS: D REF: pp. 95-96 OBJ: LO 5 29. are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior. a. Polygraph examinations b. Compliance systems c. The ‘honor system’ d. Security cameras ANS: B REF: p. 93 OBJ: LO 5 30. According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except: a. memory loss b. decreased attention span c. an difficulty following directions d. tactless behavior ANS: A REF: p. 82 OBJ: LO 1 CRITICAL THINKING Case 4.1 A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will “eliminate” many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose. He explains that their group’s struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves. He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur. He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen. 1. By telling the recruits that their victims are a lesser class of people and calling them an insulting name, the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring? a. Dehumanization b. cognitive dissonance c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility ANS: A REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 3 2. By referring to the recruits as “martyrs” and saying that their mission will serve a higher purpose, leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring? a. Dehumanization b. moral justification c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility ANS: B REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 3 3. The volunteers accept the instructions of their leader and intend to carry out the mission. They have no ethical reservations, as they have been trained to follow orders. Which method of cognitive restructuring are the volunteers employing? a. Dehumanization b. cognitive dissonance c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility ANS: D REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 3 4. By telling the recruits that they will be “eliminating” victims (as opposed to “killing,” “blowing up,” “gunning down,” etc), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring? a. euphemistic labeling b. cognitive dissonance c. advantageous comparison d. displacement of responsibility ANS: A REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 3 Case 4.2 Joe is in charge of an FBI field office. His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI’s inability to shut them down. Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects’ rights. 5. Joe’s decision to ignore his ethical reservations is a result of the pressure he feels to obtain results. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel would refer to Joe’s decision as: a. euphemistic labeling b. motivated blindness c. advantageous comparison d. failure of duty ANS: B REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 5 6. Goldberg would assert that Joe has failed to act as: a. a post-conventional adult b. a synthesizing mind c. an ethical role model d. a “noble savage” ANS: C REF: p. 98 OBJ:LO 5 NARR: Case 4.2 7. If an agent in Joe’s office reports Joe’s actions, that agent would be referred to as: a. an inside reporter b. a whistleblower c. a “disciplined mind” d. a “noble savage” ANS: B REF: p. 97 OBJ:LO 5 Case 4.3 In the text, the author describes an experiment in which a group of children were told a hypothetical story in which an adult punished a neutral act, such as a child practicing a musical instrument. Afterward, the children classified the act of playing a musical instrument as bad behavior. 8. This experiment lends credence to the power of: a. cognitive dissonance b. modeling c. the “blank slate” d. reinforcement ANS: D REF: p. 83 OBJ:LO 1 Case 4.4 The text describes the case of Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky, who was convicted of more than 40 counts of child sexual assault. His crimes occurred over a span of more than ten years, as Penn State administrators failed to act, despite their knowledge of his behavior. At one point, another coach witnessed an assault, but only reported it to the head coach, who in turn only reported it to his superior. NARREND 9. Which of Bandura’s methods of “cognitive restructuring” is illustrated by the other coaches who felt they had done their duty by merely passing the information up the chain? a. diffusion of responsibility b. euphemistic labeling c. dehumanization d. advantageous comparison ANS: A REF: p. 92 OBJ:LO 3 10. All of the following elements of Trautman’s “corruption continuum” seem to be present in the description of the Penn State scandal found in the chapter, except: a. ignoring obvious ethical problems b. administrative indifference toward integrity c. lack of a published Code of Ethics for the organization d. a survival-of-the-fittest approach by employees, who commit unethical acts to protect themselves ANS: C REF: pp. 95-96 OBJ:LO 5 TRUE/FALSE 1. Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the “emotion” centers of the brain. ANS: T REF: p. 82 OBJ: LO 1 2. Correctional programs have been shown to improve morality scores among offender populations. ANS: T REF: p. 90 OBJ: LO 1 3. The brain releases oxytocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear. ANS: F REF: p. 81 OBJ: LO 3 4. According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning. ANS: F REF: pp. 83-85 OBJ: LO 1 5. According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development. ANS: T REF: pp. 84 OBJ: LO 2 6. According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage. ANS: F REF: p. 84 OBJ: LO 2 7. According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.