NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam 2023

NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam 2023 Behaviorism people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments. Reinforcement meant to increase a good behavior; a reward Punishment meant to decrease bad behavior Positive reinforcement involves giving someone something that he or she wants Negative reinforcement taking away something that someone does not want Positive punishment involves giving someone something that he or she does not want Negative punishment involves taking away something that someone does want Extinction decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button Constructivism a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world Social learning learning through interactions with other people Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them Project-based learning (PBL) focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to the problem 4 Steps to PBL 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan. Critical Theory a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society Critical theory in education is about questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people Problems with access to technology poorer schools can have a harder time getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students. Humanism a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential. Self-Directed Learning involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important. Extrinsic motivators things outside of a person that motivate them to do something. Self-evaluation thoughtful assessment of one's own work lifelong learners people who continue to learn even after they leave school Learning involves storing and accessing information in memory information processing theory of learning information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory working memory storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past long-term memory memories that are stored for a person to access later cognitive load having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember anything chunking grouping information together to help remember it