Test Bank for Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada,4th edition by Sandra MacDonald & Sonya

TEST BANK Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in Canada Sandra A. MacDonald, and Sonya L. Jakubec 4th Edition extra per year? Table of Contents Chapter 01 Community Health Nursing 1 Chapter 02 The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada 8 Chapter 03 Community Health Nursing in Canada-Settings, Functions, and Roles 13 Chapter 04 Health Promotion 24 Chapter 05 Evidence-Informed Practice in Community Health Nursing 30 Chapter 06 Ethics in Community Health Nursing Practice 35 Chapter 07 Diversity and Relational Practice in Community Health Nursing 43 Chapter 08 Epidemiological Applications 49 Chapter 09 Working With the Community 54 Chapter 10 Health Program Planning and Evaluation 58 Chapter 11 Working with the Individual as Client-Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan 63 Chapter 12 Working with Families 69 Chapter 13 Working with Groups, Teams, and Partners 74 Chapter 14 Indigenous Health-Working with First Nations People, Inuit, and Métis 82 Chapter 15 Working With People Who Experience Structural Vulnerabilities 86 Chapter 16 Communicable and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control 98 Chapter 17 Environmental Health 104 Chapter 18 Emergency Management and Disaster Preparedness 109 Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) Chapter 01: Community Health Nursing MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following best describes community health nursing? a. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs b. Giving care with a focus on the group’s needs c. Focusing on the health care of individual clients in the community d. Working with an approach of unique client care ANS: C By definition, community health nursing is the health care of individual clients in the community. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Introduction OBJ: 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 2. Which of the following best describes primary health care? a. A comprehensive way to address issues of social justice b. Giving care to manage acute or chronic conditions c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention ANS: A By definition, primary health care is comprehensive and addresses issues of social justice and equity. Social justice in the context of health refers to ensuring fairness and equality in health services so that vulnerable individuals in society have easy access to health care. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. The health of which of the following is the primary focus of public health nurses (PHNs)? a. Families b. Groups c. Individuals d. Populations ANS: D PHNs use knowledge of nursing, social sciences, and public health sciences for the promotion and protection of health and for the prevention of disease among populations. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Which change is the primary explanation for life expectancy increasing so notably since the early 1900s? a. An increase in findings from medical laboratory research 1 | P a g e b. Incredible advances in surgical techniques and procedures c. Improved sanitation and other public health activities d. Increased use of antibiotics to fight infections ANS: C Improvement in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other public health activities led to the increase in life expectancy since the early 1900s. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Which community health nursing practice area receives funding from the private sector? a. Telenurses b. Corrections nurses c. Nurse entrepreneurs d. Street or outreach nurses ANS: C The nurse entrepreneur receives private funding, whereas all of the other community health nurse (CHN) roles are with provincially or federally funded positions. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.1 | 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 6. A public health nurse (PHN) strives to prevent disease and disability, often in partnership with other community groups. Which statement is an appropriate summary of the PHN’s role? a. The PHN asks the political leaders what interventions should be chosen. b. The PHN assesses the community and decides on appropriate interventions. c. The PHN uses data from the main health care institutions in the community to determine needed health services. d. The PHN works with community members to carry out public health functions. ANS: D It is crucial that the PHN work with members of the community to carry out core public health functions. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. Which of the following is used as a measurement of population health? a. Health status indicators b. The levels of prevention c. The number of memberships at the local fitness centre d. Reported provincial alcohol and tobacco sales in any given month ANS: A Population health refers to the health outcomes of a population as measured by determinants of health and health outcomes. 2 | P a g e PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 8. A registered nurse (RN), has just been employed as a community health nurse (CHN). Which question would be most relevant to practice as the nurse begins her position? a. “Which community groups are at greatest risk for problems?” b. “Which patients should I see first as I begin my day?” c. “With which physicians will I be collaborating most closely?” d. “Who is the nursing assistant to whom I can refer patients?” ANS: A CHNs apply the nursing process to the entire community; asking which groups are at greatest risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The other possible responses focus on particular individuals. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.6 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The community health nurse (CHN) who is working with women at the senior citizens’ centre reminds them that the only way the centre will be able to afford a driver and a van service for those who cannot drive themselves is to continue to write letters to their local city council representatives, requesting funding for such a service. What is the CHN doing? a. Ensuring that the women do not expect the CHN herself to do anything about their problem b. Demonstrating that she understands the women’s concerns and needs c. Expressing empathy, support, and concern d. Helping the women engage in political action locally ANS: D CHNs have an imperative to work with the members of the community to carry out public health functions such as political action. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 | 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 10. Which activity is an example of the “advocate” role of the community health nurse? a. Organizing home care support for a newly discharged older client b. Acting as a member of a community action group for provision of accessible transit choices c. Doing prenatal assessments d. Facilitating a self-help group for smoking cessation ANS: B An advocate provides a voice to client concerns when acting as a member of a community action group for provision of accessible transit choices. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 3 | P a g e 11. In which scenario is the public health nurse (PHN) most comprehensively practising interprofessional collaboration? a. The PHN meets with several groups about community recreation issues. b. The PHN spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies. c. The PHN talks to several people about their particular health concerns. d. The PHN watches television, including a telecast of a city council meeting on the local cable station. ANS: B Any of these might represent a public health nurse (PHN) communicating, cooperating, or collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the PHN who spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies is most comprehensively fulfilling requirements effectively, since health is broader than recreation, individual concerns are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television is only one-way communication. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis/Synthesize REF: Collaborating in Interprofessional Teams OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 12. A community health nurse (CHN) often has to make resource allocation decisions. In such cases, which approach will most help the CHN to arrive at the decision? a. Choosing a moral or ethical principle b. Choosing the cheapest, most economical approach c. Choosing the most rational outcome d. Choosing the needs of the aggregate, rather than the needs of a few individuals ANS: D Although all of the answers represent components of the CHN’s decision-making process, the predominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one person or a few people. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Social Justice OBJ: 1.3 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 13. Which situation most closely represents the focus of public health nursing? a. Assessing the services and effectiveness of the school health clinic b. Caring for patients after their outpatient surgeries c. Giving care to schoolchildren at the school clinic and to the children’s families d. Treating pediatric patients at an outpatient clinic ANS: A A public health or population-focused approach would consider the entire group of children receiving care, to see if services are effective in achieving the goal of improving the health of the school population. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4 | P a g e 14. Which public health service best represents primary prevention? a. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking b. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods c. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village d. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise ANS: C Although all the services listed are appropriate and valuable, providing influenza vaccines to healthy adults represents the primary level of health prevention. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. What term is used interchangeably with the term subpopulations? a. Groups b. Aggregates c. Clients d. Communities ANS: B Generally, subpopulations are referred to as aggregates within the larger community population. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 16. Which public health service best represents secondary prevention? a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a community of seniors b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income housing c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults residing in low-income housing d. Setting up a support group for teenage mothers of infants with Down syndrome ANS: B Secondary prevention seeks to detect disease early in its progression—for example, through mass screening programs. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 17. Which type of thinking is most reflective of looking at a macroscopic, big-picture population focus? a. Collaborative thinking b. Upstream thinking c. Holistic thinking d. Downstream thinking ANS: B 5 | P a g e Upstream thinking uses a macroscopic, big-picture population focus, whereas downstream thinking is a microscopic, individual curative focus. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 18. Which is a requirement for reaching the goal of “health for all”? a. Self-actualization b. A system for health c. Elimination of lower- and upper-class categories d. Total compliance with immunizations and vaccines with all groups ANS: B The requirements identified to reach the “health for all” goal include (1) basic needs, (2) belonging and engagement, (3) healthy living, and (4) a system for health. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.2 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 19. Which is the simplest definition of primary health care? a. It is based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers working as a team. b. It provides essential care that is universally accessible to persons in a community and encourages self-management, self-reliance, and competence. c. It focuses on health promotion and disease prevention among those who can afford to engage in behaviours that facilitate them. d. It is based on local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma-Ata, known as Health for All. ANS: B Primary health care is generally defined as essential care made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community with their full participation and at a cost that the community can afford. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 20. Which public health service best represents primary prevention? a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a group of seniors b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income housing c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults who reside in low-income housing d. Setting up a blood pressure screening clinic at the local mall ANS: A Primary prevention activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the natural history of a disease) or an injury. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply 6 | P a g e REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7 | P a g e Chapter 02: The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which one of the following is a reason to study nursing history? a. To fulfill provincial/territorial nursing requirements b. To help fill up the necessary credit hours for graduation c. To meet accreditation requirements d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow ANS: D One of the best ways to make plans for today and tomorrow is to look at the past to see what did or did not work. Lessons learned through history provide direction for current and future community health nursing practice. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Introduction OBJ: 2.1 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 2. Which group was the first to establish hospitals? a. Feudal lords, to keep their peons working b. Small towns, to care for their own citizens c. The military, to enable soldiers to keep fighting d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected ANS: D Historically, most people were responsible for their own health care services. However, during the Middles Ages, religious convents and monasteries established hospitals to care for the aged, disabled, orphaned, sick, poor, and neglected. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 3. The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided by families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly increasing demand. Which situation also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches at this time? a. Ongoing wars, which caused frequent deaths and injuries b. Horrific plagues that swept through Europe c. Migration and urbanization d. The need to pay caregivers ANS: C Older forms of care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. Increased mobility led to increased demand for health care, migration, and urbanization. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1 8 | P a g e TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 4. Which event most notably changed health care? a. The creation of the discipline of nursing by Florence Nightingale b. The formation of sisterhoods by nuns who gave care c. The establishment of the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin d. The formation of the Dames de la Charité by Saint Vincent de Paul ANS: A Many innovations in health care led to improvements in care, but Florence Nightingale revolutionized health care by establishing the discipline of nursing. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Evidence Informed Practice box OBJ: 2.1 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 5. Eunice Dyke was a public health nursing pioneer in Canada. In which area did she play a key role at the beginning of the twentieth century? a. Decentralization of public health nursing b. Specialization of public health nursing c. Inclusion of powerful citizens on health department boards to ensure adequate funds to pay for care d. Development of a system for accurate records of births and deaths ANS: A Eunice Dyke played a key role in the decentralization of public health nursing in 1914. Before this time, public health nurses (PHNs) had been working in specialized areas of nursing, such as tuberculosis (TB) care, but now they became generalists (though they did not provide bedside nursing care in the home as community health nurses [CHNs] or visiting nurses would). PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Eunice Dyke OBJ: 2.2 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 6. Which was a very important factor in the success of early visiting nurses? a. The care they provided that served as a model for all later hospitals b. The more economical care they provided to families c. Their role model, Edna Moore d. The superb publicity campaign that was created by the health departments ANS: B Visiting nurses, who provided care wherever the client was located—at home, work, or school— took care of several families in one day (rather than taking care of only one patient or family as the private duty nurse did), which made their care more economical. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: The Late 1800s to the Early 1900s OBJ: 2.2 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 7. Which public health nurse leader was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic nursing degree program in Canada? a. Florence Nightingale 9 | P a g e b. Kathleen Russell c. Edna Moore d. Lillian Wald ANS: B In 1920, Kathleen Russell, Director of the Department of Public Health Nursing at the University of Toronto, was instrumental in establishing the first integrated basic degree nursing program, a major milestone in nursing education, including public health nursing education. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Post–World War I: 1918 to the Early 1940s OBJ: 2.2 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 8. Which argument was used to convince the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company to establish the first community health nursing program for workers in 1909? a. Creating such a service was the morally right thing to do. b. Employing nurses directly would be less expensive than paying taxes to the city to provide nursing services. c. Having the company’s nurses make home visits would increase morale among workers. d. Using PHNs would keep workers healthier, which would increase worker productivity. ANS: D Lillian Wald argued that it would be more economical to use the services of a PHN than to employ the company’s own nurses and that keeping workers healthier would increase their productivity. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Lillian Wald OBJ: 2.2 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 9. What is the main achievement of the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada (CHNAC)? a. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) as well as registered nurses (RNs) were allowed to join the association. b. Nurses who were not PHNs were encouraged to join. c. National standards of practice were developed. d. A process was developed to choose the organization’s leaders and officers. ANS: C In 1987, the CHNAC, an interest group of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA), was formed. This association developed the national standards of practice (published in 2003) for CHNs. These standards of practice have helped establish the term community health nursing as the umbrella term for all nurses working in and with communities and defined the minimum scope of practice for CHNs. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: 2000 to the Present OBJ: 2.3 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment