CLTM Exam Questions and Answers 100% Correct!

VNS (vagus nerve stimulation) - ANSWER-Dr. Zabara developed in the mid-80s. FDA approved in 1997 for partial seizure onset. VNS device is made of - ANSWER-constant current pulse generator and 2 platinum spiral electrodes; coiled around left vagus nerve. VNS, how does it stop seizure? - ANSWER-Thought to increase inhibitory neurotransmitters and decrease excretory neurotransmitters. Blood flow increases and decreases in different parts of brain also contributes. FIRDA caused by: - ANSWER-toxic metabolic encephalopathy VSN seizure highest % decrease (year): - ANSWER-3 years post implantation Lennox-Gastaut and VNS: - ANSWER-these patients become more alert and have better behavior control Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity (IRDA) - ANSWER-Is seen maximal over the frontal or occipital lobes and can be caused by various reasons, some benign or unknown, but also are commonly associated with lesions and tumors. Gray matter is sick right now. % of epileptic patients who are refractory to medication: - ANSWER-30% Locus Ceruleusceruleus: - ANSWER-A nucleus in the pons involved with physiological responses to stress and panic; principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine Raphe nucleus (pons) - ANSWER-main source of serotonin Neurotransmitters have a big role in: - ANSWER-Seizures and mood modulation Rett Syndrome - ANSWER-A disorder of the nervous system that leads to developmental reversals, especially in the areas of expressive language and hand use. Mainly in girls. Starts around 6 months of age. SPECT - ANSWER-single photon emission computed tomography PET - ANSWER-positron emission tomography Frontal Lobe Epilepsy - ANSWER-After temporal lobe epilepsy, this is the most common form of epilepsy featuring partial seizures. Both simple and complex partial seizures may be observed. Neurological function of frontal lobes is not thoroughly understood, and partial seizures originating in this area can have a wide range of presentations. Complex partial seizures originating in the frontal lobe have a higher incidence of producing automatisms, or inappropriate expression of coordinated muscle activity than most other types of seizures. Definitive diagnosis of partial seizures originating in the frontal lobe usually requires EEG data to be obtained during a seizure. Symptomatic zone - ANSWER-area producing the initial ictal symptom irritative zone - ANSWER-area of interictal EEG spiking Ictal onset zone: - ANSWER-area where seizure originates lesional deficit zone - ANSWER-area of interictal dysfunction shown by neurological, neuropsych, and functional imaging findings MEG - ANSWER-magnetoencephalography lacrimation - ANSWER-secretion of tears Piloerecti