NURS 529 Exam 1 With Correct Answers

NURS 529 Exam 1 With Corre ct Answer s Cell injury and death- intracellular Accumulations/fatty necrosis EXAM - ANSWER buildup of substances that cannot be iommediately used or eliminated This fat is derived from free fatty acids released from adipose tissue. Abnormal accumulation occurs when the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver is increased, as in starvation and diabetes mellitus, or when the intrahepatic metabolism of lipids is disturbed, as in alcoholism. Intracellular waste buildup - ANSWER can be harmelss or toxic beta amyloid fragments, which progress to a skeletal muscle disorder called myositis 1. normal body subtsances-lipids, protein, carbs, melanin, bilrubin in large amnts 2. abnromal endogenous products- resulting from inborn errors of metabolism 3. exogenous products such as envrionemntal agents and pigments Pathologic calfifications- dystrophic EXAM - ANSWER macroscopic depostition of calcium sqalts in INJURED TISSUE seen in athermatous leasions of advanced atherlosclerosis, areas of injury in the aorta aand large BV, and damaged heaty valves seen in necrotic tissues or atherosclerotic plaques Metastatic. calficication EXAM - ANSWER NORMAL TISSUES results of increased serum calcium lvels hypercalcemia casues are hyperparathyroidism, primary or secondary to phospate restention in renal failure, increased mobilization of calcium from bone in paget disease, cancer with metatstic bone lesions, immoblization, vitamin D intoxicazation Hyperplasia EXAM - ANSWER increase in number of cells Dysplagia EXAM - Lead Toxicity EXAM - ANSWER Flaking pain, lead contaminated dust and soil, root vegetables, water pipes, pottery glazes, newsprint, toys childrens exposed through paint, breathing dust from lead paint, or from playing in contaminated soil can have devastaiing congitive and itelluectual defefcitys, and well as neurobehavioral problems... led to decrease in references of blood lead from 10 to 5 absorbed through GI tract or lungs into blood. a decreasse in calcium, iron, or zinc increases aborption in children, most lead absorbed through LUNGS stored in bone and eliminated in kidneys anemia is cardial sign of toxicity lead colic -acute abdominal pain. a lead line forms along gingival margins can cause diffuse kidney damade, renal failre... leading to hypertension demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter and detah of cortical cedlls peripheral demyelinatinf neuropathy in adults most serious manifestation is acute encephalopathy --s/s n/v, ataxia, sx, papilledema, LOC, coma, screening- use of capillary blood obtained from finger stick to measure free eythrocyte protoporphytin (EP).. levels above 10 should be confirmed with a veous sample Cg4 genetic control of cell function:from genes to proteins - ANSWER Here, we will discuss messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). All three types of RNA are synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase enzymes and then moved into the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place. Messenger RNA carries the instructions for protein synthesis, obtained from the DNA molecule, into the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA reads the instructions and delivers the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, and ribosomal RNA translates the instructions and provides the machinery needed for protein synthesis. ch 6 screenning, diagnosis, tx: diagnostic methods - ANSWER screening- Screening represents a secondary prevention measure for the early recognition of cancer in an otherwise asymptomatic population.2 Screening can be achieved through observation (e.g., skin, mouth, external genitalia), palpation (e.g., breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes), and laboratory tests and procedures (e.g., Papanicolaou [Pap] smear, colonoscopy, mammography). For most cancers, stage at presentation is related to curability, with the highest rates reported when the tumor is small and there is no evidence of metastasis. For some tumors, however, metastasis tends to occur early, even from a small primary tumor. Cancers for which current screening or early detection has led to improvement in outcomes include cancers of the breast (mammography), cervix (Pap smear), colon and rectum (rectal examination, fecal occult blood test, and colonoscopy), prostate (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing and transrectal ultrasonography), and malignant melanoma (self-examination). Although not as clearly defined, it is recommended that screening for other types of cancers such as cancers of the thyroid, testicles, ovaries, lymph nodes, and oral cavity be done at the time of periodic health examinations. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS Tumor markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumor.6,42 Some substances, such as hormones and enzymes, that are produced normally by the involved tissue become overexpressed as a result of cancer. Other tumor markers, such as oncofetal proteins, are produced during fetal development and are induced to reappear later in life as a result of benign and malignant neoplasms. Tumor markers are used for screening, establishing prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrent disease. A EBP - ANSWER making decisions in healthcare based on scientific dtata that has shown a specifc way of managing disease, patient symptoms, and complatins,