PC707-module 4-Cardiac Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2024

PC707-module 4-Cardiac Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2024 What is BP? - Answer ️️ --Peripheral vascular resistance X Cardiac Output What is Cardiac output? - Answer ️️ --Stroke volume X Heart rate What is something important to screen for in the elderly in relation to blood pressure? - Answer ️️ --screen for orthostatic hypotension Blood pressure stages: - Answer ️️ --Normal *<120/<80* -Elevated *120-129/80-89* -Stage 1 *130-139/80-89* -Stage 2 *>140/>90* When do we treat high blood pressure? Are medications the only treatment option? - Answer ️️ --Depends on a variety of risk factors. -Initiate medications sooner if high cardiovascular risk -Lifestyle modifications are extremely important to remember first* (DASH diet, exercise, limiting alcohol, weight loss if appropriate, stress management) What are the available drugs for treating HTN after lifestyle modifications? - Answer ️️ -- Diuretics (Thiazides or Loops) -ACE inhibitors -ARBs -Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) -Aldosterone receptor antagonists (Potassium sparing diuretic) -Alpha-1 Blockers/Antagonists -Beta Adrenergic Blockers -Vasodilators How do thiazide diuretics work? - Answer ️️ --promotes sodium & water excretion by inhibiting sodium reabsorption -potassium loss* -*weak* diuretic effect -mostly used as an "add on" drug -used for HTN & volume overload -Ex: Chlorthalidone is preferred in this class due to long half-life & proven to decreased CVD risk* --thiazides work very well in African Americans* Side effects & contraindications for thiazides? - Answer ️️ -S/E--> hyperglycemia (careful with DM), hyperuricemia (careful with gout), hypertriglyceridemia & hypercholesteremia (monitor lipid levels), HYPOkalemia (increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias), hyponatremia, erectile dysfunction Contraindications-->sulfa allergies (contains sulfa), significant renal impairement (anuria), and pre-existing hypokalemia* What are potential benefit to women using thiazide diuretics other than intended use? - Answer ️️ --may help protect women against post-menopausal osteoporosis because it can be calcium sparing* How do ACE inhibitors work? - Answer ️️ --ACE is an enzyme needed to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 -ACE inhibitors block this conversion -Angiotensin 2 is a POTENT vasoconstrictor--so blocking this helps with vasodilation -Angiotensin 2 also stimulates the release of Aldosterone (which causes sodium & water reabsorption and potassium loss) -Blocking Aldosterone--causes sodium and water excretion and potassium absorption* What is bradykinin? What is its role in causing a particular side effect in ACE inhibitors? - Answer ️️ --Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator that causes vasodilation, cough, and potential angioedema -ACE decreases bradykinin levels -So when ACE is inhibited--bradykinin levels can RISE--therefore causing the unwanted side effects of dry, hacky cough & the risk for angioedema Side effects of ACE inhibitors? - Answer ️️ --dry hacky non productive NEW cough* -HYPERkalem