NR 507 Pathophysiology Latest Version Already Passed

NR 507 Pathophysiology Latest Version Already Passed Oxygen transportation step 1 Air is inhaled through the process of ventilation (mechanical movement of gas or air into or out of the lungs) Oxygen transportation step 2 oxygen diffused from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, moving oxygen from the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to the aorta into systemic arterial circulation Oxygen transportation step 3 Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream, which occurs via the alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood Oxygen transportation step 4 oxygen is diffused from the systemic capillaries to each and every cell Gas CO2 transport step 1 Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from cells into systemic capillaries Gas CO2 transport step 2 Perfusion of the systemic capillaries with deoxygenated blood through the venous circulation, to the vena cava into the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary arteries (ART carry deoxygenated blood) Gas CO2 transport step 3 Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary arteries into alveoli through pulmonary capillaries Gas CO2 transport step 4 Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs from removal of CO2 What are bronchioles? smallest of the conducting airways, branch out from the alveoli and connect to the alveoli What are the three layers of the bronchioles? Epithelial layer (inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells, and ciliated cells. Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate What are the bronchioles controlled by? The autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to bronchial constriction (decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure to external substances Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine-- binds to beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation What is asthma? chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa caused by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible. Asthma signs and symptoms Those are asymptomatic between attacks. Beginning of attacks--chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive coughing, prolonged expiration, tachypnea, and tachycardia Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing during both inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP during inspiration Anti-cholingeric drugs for asthma Tiotropium and Ipratropium- these drugs block acetylcholine binding--- leading to bronchodilation through decrease in the parasympathetic response What causes bronchitis and associated pathogenesis? acute causes- infection or inflammation chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with