Praxis 5047 Middle school english, Praxis 5047 ALL SOLUTION LATEST EDITION 2024 ALL 100% CORRECT GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Parable realistic and has a moral Legend exaggerated story about people Myth literary sub genre of a story that involves gods and heroes, usually expressing a cultures ideals Folktale language of the people, does not need a moral, and main purpose is to entertain Fairytales element of magic, usually follows a pattern, and presents an "ideal", may contain "magic 3" or "stereotyping" Fable non-realistic, has a moral, and animals are often the main character Fable Aesop- "The Fox and the Crane", "The Fox and the Crow" Fairy Tale Authors Charles Perrault, Grimm Brothers, Joseph Jacobs, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Jorgen Moe Noodlehead Story humorous folktale in which the reader can outsmart character(s) Romanticism 18th and 19th centuries that began in Germany and England, emphasized imagination, fancy, freedom, emotion, wildness, beauty of the natural world, rights of individuals, and pastoral life. Symbolism movement in literature during the 19th century in France, reacted against the standards of realism, emphasized being able to bend the material world of the 5 senses, poetic expression of complex feelings Symbolism Authors Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud Surrealism movement in literature in the beginning of the 20th century. element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions, and non sequitur Surrealism Authors Andre Breton, influenced by Freud's free association work, dream analysis, and the unconscious to free imagination Existentialism 19th and 20th centuries that emphasized individual existence, freedom, and choice, believed that there is not objective rational basis for moral choice Existentialism authors Soren Keirkegaard, Blaise Pascal, Friedrich Neitzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre Louisa May Alcott American novelist best known as author of the novel Little Women (1868) Wrote about growing up poor in New England during the Civil War Stephen Crane American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears. wrote Red Badge of Courage (1895) about a soldier in Union Army Daniel Defoe An English novelist wrote Robinson Crusoe (1791), sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island. A commentary on what it took to survive in the 18th century: entrepreneurial ingenuity and the ability to improvise. Emily Dickinson American poet. Born to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life, "Because I could not stop for Death" Frederick Douglas () American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. Ralph Waldo Emerson American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement. Wrote "self reliance" (1888), He was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. Anne Frank Dutch-Jewish girl who, with other Jews, hid from the Nazis from 1942 to 1944; she was found and sent to a concentration camp where she died. Her diary was 1st published in 1952: "Diary of a Young Girl" S. E. Hinton American writer best known for her young-adult novels set in Oklahoma, especially The Outsiders (1967) Helen Keller American author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life (1903) and The Frost King (1892). Jack London American naturalists who achieved a degree of popular success with his adventure stories The Call of the Wild (1903) and The Sea Wolf (1904), celebrating the triumph of brute force and the will to survive. George Orwell English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and commitment to democratic socialism. 1984 (1949), Animal Farm (1945) Mary Shelley British Romantic writer, wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley, and author of Frankenstein (1818), a classic allegory of the flaws of Reason and Science. Amy Tan American writer. Hailed for her depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century. Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. The Joy Luck Club (1989) Mark Twain American author, also renowned platform lecturer. Used "romantic" type literature with comedy to entertain his audiences. In 1873 along with the help of Charles Dudley Warner he wrote The Gilded Age. This is why the time period is called the "Gilded Age". The greatest contribution he made to American literature was the way he captured the frontier realism and humor through the dialect his characters use. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) Alice Walker American author who wrote "The Color Purple" in 1982, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction Walt Whitman American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass (1855). He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. Harlem Renaissance authors Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Countee Culleen Transcendentalism Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau British Renaissance () world view shifts from religious life to life on earth, development of human potential, many aspects of love; examples include William Shakespeare, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, Cavalier poets, Metaphysical poets British Neoclassical Period (): Emphasizes reason and logic and stresses harmony, stability, and wisdom. Writers: Jane Austen, Daniel Defoe, John Dryden, and Jonathan Swift. British Romantic Period Rich in literary criticism and nonfictional prose, Jane Austen, Jean Jacques Rousseau, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, John Keats, Bronte Sisters, George Elliot American Colonial Period : Colonial and revolutionary writers: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, Jonathan Edwards, and Captain John Smith. American Renaissance (1840s) The writing of the period before the Civil War, A burst of American literature, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne; the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; and the poetry of Walt Whitman. Emphasized emotion and inner feeling and created a more democratic literature, accessible to everyone. Women also contributed literary works. British Victorian Period () Examples: Dickens' "Great Expectations," Tennyson's "Poems," Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and "Jude the Obscure," and Browning's "Sonnets from the "Portuguese." American naturalistic period : 19th Century - A literary movement that claimed to portray life exactly as if it were being examined through a scientist's microscope. Writers: Frank Norris, John Steinbeck, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Ellen Glasgow and Jack London. Modernist period () began with WWI traditional notions of humanity and society/writers experimented with new, innovative techniques/protested against the nature of society. F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Elliot, Robert Frost, James Joyce Postmodernist period post WWII, characterized by heavy reliance on techniques like fragmentation, paradox, and questionable narrators. Kurt Vonnegut Stories Genre of literary text includes the subgenres of adventure stories, historical fiction, mysteries, myths, science fiction, realistic fiction, allegories, parodies, satire, and graphic novels Drama Literature Genre of literary text includes one-act and multi-act plays, both in written form and on film Poetry Literature written in verse. Verses may form complete sentences, clauses, or phrases. Can be metered, or without regular meter. Types include lyrical poems, free verse poems, sonnets, odes, ballads, and epics historical fiction literary sub genre of stories: a story that is set in the past, usually drawn on real events, but not necessarily real people. mystery literary sub genre of a stories: a story of suspense dealing with a puzzling crime science fiction literary sub genre of stories: story that deals with current or future technology and its advances or threats allegory literary sub genre of stories: a story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. parody literary sub genre of stories: a story in which a text or performance is imitating or mocking a person or thing satire Uses sarcasm, irony, and/or humor as social criticism to lampoon human folly. Exaggerates reality to be ridiculous to illuminate flawed behaviors. narrative poem literary sub genre of poetry: a poem that tells a story lyrical poem literary sub genre of poetry: a poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings or thoughts of a speaker. free verse poem A poem with neither rhyme nor meter. sonnet literary sub genre of poetry: fixed form of lyric poetry that consists of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. ode literary sub genre of poetry: a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for someone or something ballad literary sub genre of poetry: a short poem comprised of short verses intended to be sung or recited epic poem literary sub genre of poetry: A long, narrative poem that is written in an elevated style and that recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society exposition literary non-fiction sub genre: a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic argument literary non-fiction sub genre: A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer functional text literary non-fiction sub genre: writing or text that is used in everyday life such, as signs, directions, letters, and manuals. novel literary sub genre stories: an extended narrative implicit theme theme is suggested by the author explicit theme theme is stated by the author plot the story line, usually the element that keeps on e interested in the reading. Has a definite order, involves conflict, and has a pattern sensationalism (related to plot) the use of emotionally charged words, expressions, or events in order to provoke a strong reaction in the reader open denouement (related to plot) An ending with loose ends and unresolved matters closed denouement (related to plot) ending that ties up everything neatly and explains all unanswered questions. Combines with setting to create the structure of a story setting time and place in which a story or book occurs, important to juvenile literature, must be believable. combines with plot to create structure of a story structure of a story plot + setting backdrop setting details in the story that are not essential to the plot integral setting setting essential to the plot figurative setting A setting that simply serves as an illustration. character the personalities who make many books live on for many years. Ex: Jay Gatsby, Tom Sawyer... round character fully described or revealed flat character not fully developed, described, or revealed connotation the impression or feeling a word gives beyond its exact meaning denotation a words precise meaning alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more words in a sentence. For example: steep, straight, stretch consonance Repetition of an internal or ending consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity: the coal-preparation plant in Caretta was complete assonance Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity: We are right for the fight tonight, we'll fight for the green and white onomatopeia the sound of the word imitates the sound it represents: Pow, smack, splat! extended metaphor A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. hyperbole A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor. Ex: "I told you a million times!" masculine rhyme A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable. feminine rhyme a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition." Feminine rhyme is sometimes called double rhyme. synthesizing information reading strategy: Involves combining new information with existing knowledge to form an original idea or interpretation. repairing understanding reading strategy: If confusion disrupts meaning, readers need to stop and clarify their understanding. Readers use a variety of strategies to "fix up" comprehension when meaning goes awry. confirming reading strategy: As students read and after they read, they can verify the predictions they originally made. semantics the meanings of words and phrases in a particular context. syntax the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences literal comprehension The lowest level of understanding. It involves reading the lines and understanding exactly what is on the page. Students can repeat or paraphrase what they have read. inferential comprehension second level of understanding - requires reading between the lines - all answers are not physically found - requires figuring out the answer...draw conclusions, inferencing, generalizing, speculating, predicting, summarizing critical comprehension One of the highest levels of understanding. Requires readers to think beyond the printed page. Ex. indicating whether text is true or false, distinguishing between fact and opinion, detecting propaganda, judging whether the author is qualified to write the text, recognizing bias and fallacies, identifying stereotypes, making assumptions. creative comprehension requires readers to respond emotionally to something they read...thinking of another way of treating a situation, another way of solving a problem, speculating whether plot could have occurred in another place or time universal grammar Innate linguistic knowledge which consists of a set of principles common to all languages. (Chomsky) prelinguistic stage 1st of Chomsky's stages of language acquisition. Filled with silence, cooing, and crying. holophrastic stage Chomsky's second stage of language acquisition: in this stage the child speaks one-word sentences two-word stage beginning about age 2, Chomsky's 3rd stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements telegraphic stage Chomsky's 4th stage of language acquisition, when child speaks like a telegram-- "go car"-- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words intermediate development stage Chomsky's 5th Period of language acquisition following the telegraphic stage and prior to the adult stage, very similar to telegraphic adult stage final stage of Chomsky's language acquistion diction A speaker or writer's choice of words (formal, informal, colloquial, full of slang, poetic, ornate, plain, abstract, concrete, etc.); has a powerful effect on tone omniscient point of view Point of view from a narrator who knows all about the characters and actions objective point of view the writer only tells what is happening without voicing an opinion and never revealing what the characters are thinking or feeling first-person singular point of view the story unfolds through the eyes of one central character (I, me, my) third-person point of view The story is told from the perspective of a narrator outside the story. (he, she, it, they) second-person point of view the narrator addresses the reader directly using the pronoun "you", can be confusing to the reader wordplay humorous use of alternate definitions, puns, or homonyms pun humerous wordplay in which the two meanings of a word or two similar-sounding words are deliberately confused. Ex: The tarantula found his partner online. He spider on the web. personal pronoun A pronoun that refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the person spoken about (third person) Ex: i, you, he, she, it relative pronoun Introduces a subordinate clause. Ex: who, which, that, whose, whom interrogative pronoun Introduces a question. Ex: who, what, when, where, how demonstrative pronoun Points out a person, place, thing, or an idea. Ex: this, that, these, those indefinite pronoun refers to a person, a place, a thing, or an idea that may or may not be specifically named. Ex: one, any, each, anyone, somebody, all reciprocal pronoun indicate a mutual or reciprocal action by the subjects of the verb. Ex: each other & one another intensive pronoun emphasizes a noun or another pronoun. Ex: myself, yourself, himself reflexive pronoun Refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject. Ex: myself, yourself, himself descriptive adjective names a quality of an object: BLUE book limiting adjective an adjective that answers "how many? which one? possessive adjective show possession or ownership. Ex: my, your, his, her, its, our, their demonstrative adjective tells which one; examples: this, that, these, and those interrogative adjective used in questions; the interrogative adjectives are what, which, and who's. Ex: which dog is yours? preposition A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. Bill drew a circle AROUND the house. coordinating conjunction FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so subordinating conjunction a conjunction (like 'since' or 'that' or 'who') that introduces a dependent clause modifier A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group. phrase group of words without a subject and predicate colon used to introduce a list, to separate independent clauses when second clause is a restatement of the first, introduce a formal appositive, separate introductory words from a quotation euphemism An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant. Ex: passed away instead of died doublespeak Using evasive/ambiguous language to sugar coat something. Ex: preowned instead of second-hand or used Inductive Reasoning takes a specific representative case or facts and then draws generalizations or conclusions from them. Must be based on a sufficient amount of reliable evidence writing style The distinctive use of language by a writer; style includes both syntax (sentence structure) and diction (word choice). tone the writers attitude toward the writing itself; toward the subject; toward the people, places, time, and events Activate Prior Knowledge Reading strategy: readers pay more attention when they relate to the text and comprehend better when they think about the connections they make between the text, their lives, and the larger world. predicting reading strategy: using questioning to keep readers engaged. When readers ask questions (thoughtful reading), even before they read, they clarify understanding and forge ahead to make meaning visualizing reading strategy: active readers create visual images based on the words they read in the text. drawing inference reading strategy: reader takes what they know and combine it with clues from the text to think ahead and make a judgement, discern a theme, or speculate about what is to come determine important ideas reading strategy: differentiate between less important ideas and key ideas that are central to the meaning of the text reflecting reading strategy: students think about, or reflect on what they have just read. Can be simply thinking, discussion, or writing story mapping (webbing) making graphic representations of stories that make clear the specific relationships of story elements. Helps students think about a passage and its structure metacognition "Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task, separates good readers from struggling readers miscue analysis process of assessing the strategies that students use in their reading fishbone organizer is helpful for illustrating cause and effect. The result or effect is written along a straight line and the causes are listed on lines which slant up or down from it. These can be further detailed individually. informal reading inventory Student reads aloud while teacher notes miscues. Student then answers comprehension questions. Then the student is timed while reading the passages silently and answering comprehension questions. receptive language language that is spoken or written by others and received by an individual that is listening or reading. The receiving person must decode or get meaning from the spoken word or written symbols. cognitive language language that is received, processed into memory, integrated with knowledge already integrated, and made a part of knowledge of the individual from which new ideas and concepts can be generated expressive language communication through speaking, writing, and or gestures. Selecting words, formulating them into ideas, and producing them through speaking, writing, or gesturing. Involves word retrieval, rules of grammar (syntax), word and sentence structure (morphology), and word meaning (semantics) literature circles Students read common texts and have discussions about the shared reading to increase critical thinking and response to text. Often with set roles (discussion director, mind image creator, question asker, etc.) anticipation guides Sets of declaritive statements related to materials about to be read that are designed to stimulate thinking and discussion, motivate students and help them to predict what will happen in a text cueing systems used by the reader to draw on or gain meaning from text; The phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic information that students rely on as they read. double entry journals A journal with two columns - in the left column the student writes a quote from the book and in the right column the student reflects on the quote. phonics instruction teaching the relationship between letters and sounds and how to use them to read and spell words questioning the author Teacher stops during reading to ask questions. Children engage in simulated dialogues with the authors. reciprocal teaching Includes four main reading strategies for comprehending text: Predicting, Questioning, Clarifying, Summarizing; students take turns assuming the role of teacher; group effort among teacher and students to bring meaning to text semantic feature analysis A graphic organizer using a grid to compare a series of words or other items on a number of characteristics. collaborative writing instructional approach in which students work together to plan, draft, revise, and edit compositions process writing An approach to writing where learners are encouraged to brainstorm, plan, draft, re-draft, review, and "publish" their written work. RAFT a writing strategy that helps students understand their ROLE as a writer, the AUDIENCE they will address, the varied FORMAT for writing, and the TOPIC they'll be writing about 3-2-1 prompt 3 facts 2 questions 1 personal connection stream of consciousness a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind. condescension (tone) when the writer talks down to the reader didacticism (tone) when the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something verbal irony (tone) when there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant situational irony (tone) when there is a discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen. dramatic irony where there is a contrast between what a character does or says and what the reader understands to be true (tone) tone the authors attitude toward the writing, reader, subject, people, places, or events in a work. Can include: condescension, didacticism, irony, humor, parody, sentimentality parody humous or ridiculing imitation of something else sentimentality (tone) the excessive use of feeling or emotion perspective the scene as viewed through the eyes/mind of the chosen character. The story, however, can be told from any one of several points-of-view regardless of the perspective chosen. Can also include dialogue Ex: first-person... The yearling Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings 1939, A book written about a young boy who raises a baby deer. Island of the Blue Dolphins Scott O'Dell, The Ghalas-at tribe lives on an island until a group of hunters comes and kills over half of the people. Karana, an Indian girl is left without her parents and must learn to survive on her own. Julie of the Wolves Jean Craighead George, a young eskimo girl runs away and lives with wolves. She tries to rejoin culture, but runs away again. She eventually goes to town to live with her dad. The Call of the Wild Jack London, a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s Madeleine L'Engle Wrote A Wrinkle in Time, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, A Wind in the Door, The Small Rain, 24 Days before Christmas and other known novels. Animal Farm George Orwell, A group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; , Fable in which main characters represent political personages in the conflict of political systems Watership Down Richard Adams, heroic fantasy novel about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction quatrains four lines of poetry, usually linked together by rhyme scheme blank verse Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter ballad stanzas ABCB or ABAB, four line stanzas. Tells of love, death, supernatural. Old English Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1066 A.D. Example: Beowolf middle english English that was formalized after the Norman invasion. Injected some French into English, 18. Used in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales elizabethan english The language of Shakespeare's era; thy thou thine thy Roll of Thunder Hear my Cry Mildred Taylor. The Logan family lives in Mississippi in the 1930's. Times are tough, especially for a black family in the segregated South. Despite all odds, the Logans instill in their children determination and strong values. Cassie and her siblings are taught to stand up for what they believe despite the dangers. It provides a realistic view of racism in the 1930's and 1940's. split infinitive an infinitive with an adverb between 'to' and the verb (e.g., 'to boldly go') false analogy A a comparison between two things that can illustrate a point, but do not prove anything., "You have to treat students like nails: they don't work unless you hit them." ad hominem attack A personal attack on the character or personal traits of your opponent rather than an argument against his/her ideas. present participle Verb expressing present action plus 'ing' used as an adjective or a verb. linking verb Also referred to as "to be" verb, it helps describe a subject by connecting it to a noun or adjective (subject complement). Include "look","seem","appear", and "become" as well as the "to be" verbs "am", "are", "is", etc. comma splice A comma placed at the end of a sentence rather than a period. glittering generality a logical fallacy, Uses attractive, but vague, words that embody ideals such as: freedom, fame, justice, respect. This technique seeks to evoke emotions without making any commitments. straw man a logical fallacy, Attacking a weaker more extreme argument rather than the one that actually exists: often occurs by taking things out of context interrogative sentence A sentence that asks a question semantic cueing Determining the meaning of the word, phrase, or sentence and determining what the passage is about phonological cueing The letter sound relationships in written language. pragmatic cueing The social and cultural aspects of language doubletalk an inconsistency or contradiction when the user is very aware of what they are saying (all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others) epigram A concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement. jargon nonsensical talk; specialized language couplet A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. soliloquy A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. parallel syntax repetition of word or phrases to emphasize a point. imperative sentence A sentence that requests or commands. John Donne considered the archetype of metaphysical poetry; "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" logos An appeal based on logic or reason ethos beliefs or character of a group pathos Appeal to emotion topos suggests settings, characters, and themes that appear and reappear in literature logical fallacy False reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate. non sequitur A statement that does not follow logically from evidence post hoc "after this, therefore because of this;" saying that event A cause event B simply because B followd A syllogism A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Joan Didion American author best known for her novels and her literary journalism. Her novels and essays explore the disintegration of American morals and cultural chaos, where the overriding theme is individual and social fragmentation. E.B. White American write that was a contributor to The New Yorker magazine and a co-author of the English language style guide, The Elements of Style, which is commonly known as "Strunk & White". foils a pair of characters, events, settings, or other literary elements which are set up in artistic contrast to one another in order to highlight their significant differences epistolary novel A novel composed wholly or primarily of letters written by the characters rather than in narrative form. Unfolds through the written documents passed from person to person. slant rhyme Rhyme in which either the vowels or the consonants of stressed syllables are identical, as in eyes, light; years, yours. Ben Johnson Renaissance poet, (wrote sentimental poems) "Song: to Celia", "On My First Son", , Most important writer of his age after Shakespeare epithet A word or phrase preceding or following a name which serves to describe the character. Ex: Alexander the Great. **Often it is a negative description though! fricative a consonant sound made by passing a continuous stream of air through a narrow passage in the vocal tract. malapropism an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, especially by the confusion of words that are similar in sound. "I am not under the affluence of alcohol." Realism Literary form whose goal is to represent reality as faithfully as possible. Focuses more on immediacy of time and place, specific actions of characters, and justifiable consequences of those actions instead of feelings and expressions. Robert Frost American Poet, "The Road Not Taken," "Birches," "Mending wall." John Keats English Romantic poet. He was one of the main figures of the second generation of Romantic poets along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. "Ode to a Nightingale" Harper Lee American novelist widely known for writing "To Kill a Mockingbird." Lois Lowry Famous American children's book writer. "Number the Stars," "The Giver," "Gossamer." Herman Melville American novelist.Major works "Moby Dick," "Bartelby, the Scrivener." J.D. Salinger American writer. "Catcher and the Rye" Gary Soto American author and poet, Chicano, "Baseball in April," "Too many Tamales," "A Fire in my Hands." J.R.R. Tolkien English writer most known for writing "The Hobbit," "The Lord of the Rings," and "The Silmarillion." Metaphysical Poets John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert Old English Period Literary period where most works were anonymous."Beowoulf" most famous piece of Old English Literature. Caedmon, Bede, Alfred the Great, and Cynewulf Middle English Period Literary period lasting from the 12th century to 1470. Writers: Chaucer, religious works are those in the Katherine Group and the writings of Julian of Norwich and Richard Rolle... " Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," American Literary Naturalism the thematic treatment of atavism, evolution, degeneration, and the development of force/ the scientific method. Naturalism also focuses on Human vs Nature and Human vs Himself. "The Red Badge of Courage," "The Open Boat," "House of Mirth," and "The Call of the Wild." Literary nonfiction A type of prose that employs the literary techniques usually associated with fiction or poetry to report on persons, places, and events in the real world. CONTINUED...