Openstax Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 13 Flashcards with 100% correct answers

abducens nerve sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles alar plate developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the posterior horn of the gray matter amygdala nucleus deep in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that is related to memory and emotional behavior anterior column white matter between the anterior horns of the spinal cord composed of many different groups of axons of both ascending and descending tracts anterior horn gray matter of the spinal cord containing multipolar motor neurons, sometimes referred to as the ventral horn anterior median fissure deep midline feature of the anterior spinal cord, marking the separation between the right and left sides of the cord anterior spinal artery blood vessel from the merged branches of the vertebral arteries that runs along the anterior surface of the spinal cord arachnoid granulation outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood arachnoid mater middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater arachnoid trabeculae filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space ascending tract central nervous system fibers carrying sensory information from the spinal cord or periphery to the brain axillary nerve systemic nerve of the arm that arises from the brachial plexus basal forebrain nuclei of the cerebrum related to modulation of sensory stimuli and attention through broad projections to the cerebral cortex, loss of which is related to Alzheimer's disease basal nuclei nuclei of the cerebrum (with a few components in the upper brain stem and diencephalon) that are responsible for assessing cortical movement commands and comparing them with the general state of the individual through broad modulatory activity of dopamine neurons; largely related to motor functions, as evidenced through the symptoms of Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases basal plate developmental region of the spinal cord that gives rise to the lateral and anterior horns of gray matter basilar artery blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem brachial plexus nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve brain stem region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops from the mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the embryonic brain Broca's area region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production and located only in the cerebral hemisphere responsible for language production, which is the left side in approximately 95 percent of the population Brodmann's areas mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences, as described by Brodmann in the early 1900s carotid canal opening in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranium cauda equina bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse's tail caudate nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum central canal hollow space within the spinal cord that is the remnant of the center of the neural tube central sulcus surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes cephalic flexure curve in midbrain of the embryo that positions the forebrain ventrally cerebellum region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord cerebral aqueduct connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain cerebral cortex outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci cerebral hemisphere one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum cerebrum region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness cervical plexus nerve plexus associated with the upper cervical spinal nerves choroid plexus specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain circle of Willis unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion of blood into the brain even if one component of the structure is blocked or narrowed common carotid artery blood vessel that branches off the aorta (or the brachiocephalic artery on the right) and supplies blood to the head and neck corpus callosum large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres cranial nerve one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck cranial nerve ganglion sensory ganglion of cranial nerves descending tract central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery diencephalon region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryonic development and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus direct pathway connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement disinhibition disynaptic connection in which the first synapse inhibits the second cell, which then stops inhibiting the final target dorsal (posterior) nerve root axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord dorsal (posterior) root ganglion sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve dura mater tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS dural sinus any of the venous structures surrounding the brain, enclosed within the dura mater, which drain blood from the CNS to the common venous return of the jugular veins endoneurium innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve enteric nervous system peripheral structures, namely ganglia and nerves, that are incorporated into the digestive system organs enteric plexus neuronal plexus in the wall of the intestines, which is part of the enteric nervous system epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve epithalamus region of the diecephalon containing the pineal gland esophageal plexus neuronal plexus in the wall of the esophagus that is part of the enteric nervous system extraocular muscles six skeletal muscles that control eye movement within the orbit facial nerve seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production fascicle small bundles of nerve or muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue femoral nerve systemic nerve of the anterior leg that arises from the lumbar plexus fibular nerve systemic nerve of the posterior leg that begins as part of the sciatic nerve foramen magnum large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium forebrain anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and diencephalon fourth ventricle the portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures frontal eye field region of the frontal lobe associated with motor commands to orient the eyes toward an object of visual attention frontal lobe region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium gastric plexuses neuronal networks in the wall of the stomach that are part of the enteric nervous system