PSYCH 101 EXAM 4 LAUMAKIS SDSU TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024

Psychopathology The study of mental disorders -abnormal psychology Abnormal (3 D's) Deviance Distressful **Dysfunctional Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:01 / 0:15 Full screen Deviant Statistical infrequency (Is it rare?) Distressful Personal discomfort (does it cause personal suffering/others) -ADHD dysfunctional impairment (does it interfere with functioning?) - used to diagnose medical disorders ex. Mike who drinks and loses wife Medical model DSM-5 book of disorders (categorical) - psychiatrist uses etiology causes of disorder - diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis categorical approaches to diagnosis depression is a black or white yes or no you have it dimensional approaches to diagnosis there is a continuum along with different levels of depression from like 0 to 100 and everyone falls along this scale - psychologist uses Diathesis-stree model of metal disorder nature(diathesis: vulnerability to psychological disorders) -distal causes -genetic inheritance -predisposition, susceptibility nurture(environmental stressors) -proximate causes "triggers" *Things that push one over the edge comorbidity co-occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual 2+ - found in the DSM-5 Types of disorders -anxiety disorder -substance related disorder -mood disorders -schizophrenia- 1% -personality disorder -ASPD- no remorse for wrongful Crome Lifetime prevalence number of people ho met criteria whats common/rare Types of anxiety disorders -generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) -panic disorder -phobias(object) -OCD -PTSD *WOmen more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety disorder 2 to 1 generalized anxiety disorder free floating anxiety (nonspecific) - ppl are worried, fretful, insomnia, physiological symptoms - high on neuroticism scale Panic disorder the experience of one or more panic attacks, fear of having another panic attack - triggered or intriggerred - paired with agora phobia (fear of being out and about and can't control attack) **panic attacks also found in other disorders (portable) phobias intense, irrational fears of a specific object or situation social phobia worried about embarrassing/humililating yourself OCD intrusive thoughts that increase anxiety Obsessions can't stop thinking about them, drive ones anxiety through the roof Compulsions receptive, ritualistic behaviors to dec anxiety ex counting, checking , etc ** negative reinforcement PTSD only disorder that says you have to been exposed to a stressor ex. natural disaster, assault, death Aftermath of PTSD - reexperience of the event triggered by sound, news, dreams, etc - numbing/withdrawal - Hyperarousal numbing emotionless/cut off; just relate facts Withdrawal socially withdrawing Hyperarousal inc irritability, problems with insomnia, inc aggression, problems focusing, inc startle response etiology the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. Anxiety disorder etiology -biological - diathesis- twin studies suggest genetic predisposition - anxiety sensitivity - feedback loop and panic disorder - physio systems - catastrophic thoughts - learning/ conditioning Neurotransmitter causes of anxiety disorder Gaba inhibitory levels to dec -treated with Valium and Xanax Learning and conditioning of Anxiety Disorder - ACQUIRED thru classical condtioning - MAINTAINED thru operant conditioning * Observational learning may also play a role cognitive factors - certain way of thinking may make someone vulnerable (threats) Mood disorders -Major Depressive disorder- Unipolar Depression -Bipolar disorder- Manic- Depression -DSM-5 symptoms of depression **must have 5/9 and #1 or #2 Bipolar -months of depression and days of Manic Manic episode -sleep less -express feelings of invinsiblity, special skills - speak pressured speech-- really fast ex. gamble, shopping, sexual desires Mood disorder etiology -genetic vulnerability (twin studies) -neurochemical factors (neurotransmitters-- norepinephrine and dec of serotonin) -cognitive(depressogenic thinking) -situational factors Cognitive Factors of Mood Disorders(Beck and Seligman) Beck - cognitive distortions ex. labeling myself, magnification/ minimization-- negative lots/ very little positive, mind reading Seligman - negative attributional style-- explanation Negative events (IGS) Internal- my fault Global - suck at everything Stable - do just as bad **leads to depression - situational factors (triggers) - linear relationship schizophrenia not dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder -pos and neg symptoms schizophrenia positive symptoms excess or distortion of normal functions ; includes delusions(false beliefs), hallucinations(false sensory experiences), disorganized thought and speech(thought disorder) , disorganized motor disturbances(immobile(catatonic)) schizophrenia negitive symptoms Whats missing/ don't respond well to meds, behavioral deficits; includes flat affect (emotional expressivity) , alogia (speech output- minimal), and avolition(motivation-lack of) etiology of schizophrenia -genetic - neurochemical factors 9dopamine inc, serotonin, glutamate -structural abnormalities in the brain - enlarged ventricles with less metabolic activity - neurodevelopment hypothesis( disruptions in maturational process o brain b4 birth) Schizophrena most likely categorized by disorganized thinking and fragmented thinking Substance abuse significant negative consequences related to substance use substance dependence tolerance, withdrawals = physiological dependence - larger amounts/ bigger period Substance diagnostic changes in DSM-5 DSM-5 basically combines the DSM-IV-TR symptom lists for substance abuse and substance dependence into one list *threshold to diagnosis is 2 or more criteria ADHD 3 essential fetures -inattention (esaily distracted) -hyperactivity (restless, fidgety) -impulsivity (acting without thinking) Autism Spectrum(heterogeneity) disorder -social communication and integration -restricted and repetitive - onset prior to age 3 - excel in a certain subject but not in others Treatment the manner in which someone behaves toward or deals with someone or something. Biomedical Therapies -psychosurgery -Electroconvulsive therapy -repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations -drug therapies drug therapies with depression mine oxidase inhibitors(least used bc side effects) 2. tricycles 3. selective serotonin repute inhibitors talk psychotherapy types -psychoanalysis -behavior therapy psychoanalysis freud -if the listener can understand why ur depressed that that will improve ur depression (insight-oriented treatment) ** goal; make the unconscious conscious emphasizes the recovery unconscious, conflicts, motives, and defenses techniques; 1. free association (no judgement or filter) 2. dream analysis (manifest vs latent content dreams=royal road to unconscious) 3. Transference (individual getting treatment responds as if speaking to significant other) Client Centered Therapy - Carl ROgers -Humanistic approach- pos, optimistic - emphasizes supportive emotional climate for clients (goal) - clients play major role in determining pace and direction of therapy **varies btwn insight/action What does the therapist provide for Client Centers Therapy - empathy - unconditional pos regard (acceptance no matter how distasteful - geniuses (authentic/real) - active listening (summarizing/ paraphrasing what client said Cognitive therapy "its the though that counts" BECK -emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs - "it"= though 1) Catch It 2) Check it 3) Change it - utilized with broad range of disorders - typically combines w behavioral interventions **CBT **action oriented Behavior therapy wolf - Systematic desensitization ** treatment for phobias -reduces phobic clients' anxiety through exposure and counterconditioning - breaks connection btwn cs (snake) and cr (anxiety) *anxiety response is replaced with relaxation; CR **action oriented