Medical Surgical nursing – Endocrine 2023

Medical Surgical nursing – Endocrine 2023 Common corticosteroids - CORRECT ANSWERS hydrocortisone, methlprednisilone, prednisone, dexamethasone uses of corticosteroids - CORRECT ANSWERS allergies, Addison's, inflammation, cerebral edema, anaphylactic reaction Corticosteroid side effects - CORRECT ANSWERS sodium retention, nausea, acne, anxiety, insomnia, mood swings, increased appetite, impaired wound healing, masks infections corticosteroid nursing implications - CORRECT ANSWERS monitor weight, b/p, blood sugar, cushingoid signs, stress level, infection. Sudden withdrawal can be fatal, decrease effectiveness of anti diabetic agents, combing with aspirin and NSAIDS increase risk for ulcers, non-potassium sparing diuretics may lead to hypocalcemia and hypokalemia, corticosteroids patient education - CORRECT ANSWERS timing of doses, tapering is required, eat potassium rich foods, monitor for signs of infection, and adrenal insufficiency, corticosteroid categories - CORRECT ANSWERS glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Addison's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS primary adrenal insufficiency. occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone symptoms of adrenal insufficiency - CORRECT ANSWERS starts gradually, fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low b/p, hyper pigmentation. Function of insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS assist in glucose transport into cells, stimulate storage of glucose in the liver, signal liver to stop release of glucose, enhances storage of adipose tissue, transport of amino acids categories of insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS rapid acting short acting intermediate acting very long acting Rapid acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS novolog, humalog, onset 10-30 minutes, peak 30 minutes to 3 hours. duration 3-6 hours Short acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS humulin R, novolin R. onset 30-60 minutes, peak 1-5 hours, duration 6-10 hours intermediate acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS NPH, humulin N, novolin N, onset 1-2 hours, Peak 6-14 hours, duration 16-25 hours Long acting insulin - CORRECT ANSWERS levemir, lantus. Onset 1-2 hours, no peak, duration 24 hours Oral hyperglycemics - CORRECT ANSWERS used with type 2 diabetes who cannot be treated with diet and exercise alone insulin nursing implications - CORRECT ANSWERS accuracy of dose, do not interchange insulin, monitor blood glucose level, monitor activity level, subcutaneous, rotate injection site, make sure other treatment regimens are being utilized, weekly weight insulin patient education - CORRECT ANSWERS side effects, educate on sites and technique, educate on process of diabetes mellitus, carry id alert, how to recognize hypo and hyperglycemia, smoking decreases insulin absorption, glucose testing, diet, exercise islets of langerhans - CORRECT ANSWERS areas of pancreatic cells that produce insulin and glucagon complications of insulin injections - CORRECT ANSWERS hypoglycemia, lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, lipohypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS buildup of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections antihypoglycemics - CORRECT ANSWERS used to increase blood glucose levels, dextrose, treatment must be immediate, can give regular juice, hard candies, honey. retest blood glucose in 15 minutes, retreat if >70. provide snack with protein and carbs. hypoglycemic nursing implications - CORRECT ANSWERS requires immediate treatment, causes nausea/vomiting, monitor blood glucose, give carbs orally, may have headache, make sure they are using their treatment regimens hypothyroidism nursing implications - CORRECT ANSWERS monitor weight, vital signs, thyroid function studies, take at same time each day management of hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWERS radioactive therapy to reduce function, surgery to remove part of thyroid, relapse is common, treatment may cause hypothyroidism hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWERS Controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature. parathyroid - CORRECT ANSWERS in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food adrenal cortex - CORRECT ANSWERS outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANSWERS secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS fruity breath, hyperglycemic, ketosis, metabolic acidosis. weight loss, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration with electrolyte loss, polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision, headache, hypotension, decreased level of consciousness diabetes presenting symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue and weakness, sudden vision changes, tingling and numbness, wounds that don't heal type 1 diabetic risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS early onset, familial history, genetic predisposition, immunologic or environmental factors type 2 diabetic risk factors - CORRECT ANSWERS obesity, age, previous impaired fasting glucose tolerance, hypertension, HDL <35 or triglycerides >250, history of gestational diabetes urinalysis for pancreatic disorders - CORRECT ANSWERS focus on protein, sugar and ketone, all should be negative, specific gravity may increas