AP European History Exam Review Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions

Benvenuto Cellini Goldsmith & sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise. Condottiere Mercenary soldier of a political ruler. Humanism Recovery and study of classical authors & writings. Individualism Emphasis on the unique & creative personally (personality?). New Monarchs Term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means. Rationalism Application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events. Renaissance The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christian to classical or secular ones. Secularism Emphasis on the here and now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly. Lorenzo Valla () Humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighth- century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over Western lands. Virtu Striving for personal excellence. Baroque The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation. Brethren of the Common Life Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living. John Calvin () French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Charles V () Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. Council of Trent The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. Index A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. Indulgence Papal pardon for remission of sins. Inquisition Religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius Loyola () as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. John Knox () Calvinist leader in sixteenth-century Scotland. Martin Luther () German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the Roman Catholic world.