6.1
New Independent States
- Caused by decolonisation formation independent monarchies middle east/north Africa
- nearly all states with Arab culture and Islam as main religion
- Exceptions; Jewish Israel non-Arab; Turkey and Iran
- usually founded by moderate Muslims wanted to modernise country - chose secular state with democratic constitution
- Saudi Arabia: an absolute monarchy, founded in 1932 -- clergymen have a big influence -- laws based on the sharia.
- In most cases, democracy failed to fully develop in this region, and most ended up governed as autocracies
- democracy only fully developed in: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey
- other countries were ruled by one person (they were autocracies)
- often groups of soldiers seized power -- often worked together with educated citizens with Western ideas.
- governments middle east/north Africa modernised economy/culture with support of Western/Eastern Bloc countries.
Doria Shafik
- journalist who studied in Paris
- supported soldiers who disposed of king of Egypt (1952) and made Egypt a republic -- Egypt got a military government
- government allowed political parties and women's suffrage Democracy soon limited by Nassar
- Nassar became President Egypt 1956 -- ruled Egypt as a one-party state
- Shafik protested put under house arrest by the regime
Israel and the Arabs
- Arabs united in their hate against Israel saw it as a foreign occupier of Arab territory
- six-day war (1967); Israel conquered west bank + east Jerusalem from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and Sinai desert from Egypt, Golan Heights from
Syria.
- 1948/1973; Arab neighbouring countries waged 4 wars against Israel unable to defeat Israel's army
- 1973 President Egypt chose diplomacy, made peace with Israel Egypt got back the Sinai desert.
- Israel continued occupying other conquered territories -- annexed east Jerusalem
- 1994 Jordan made peace with Israel
- 1964; Palestinian resistance groups (led by Arafat) unified in the secular PLO committed terror attacks against Israeli people.
- 1987; Long term’s people revolt started in occupied Palestinian territories Israel struck revolt down.
Fundamentalism and terrorism
- Islamic fundamentalists wanted to live according to Quran/Hadith resisted Western culture, individualism, and materialism
Interbellum fundamentalist movements active in Arab countries resisted secular state.
- The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt oppressed Nassar and his successors
- 1970 < popularity increased also worked to improve welfare poor population through education and medical care
- similar developments took place in other Islamic countries difference between religious and secular groups increased.
Iran
- 1979; development fundamentalism led to protests against their pro-west dictator who fled the country
- Iran became Islamic republic rule of law based on the Sharia
- Iran became a theocracy clergymen have the highest power.
- The government fell under the supervision of the ayatollah; a high-ranking Shiite clergymen.
- Revolution Iran Fundamentalism reinforced in other Islamic countries
- Consequence Islamic revolution western cultural elements repressed -- culture restricted to strict religious views.
Afghanistan
- 1979: Soviets enter to fight anti-communists
radical Muslims (with American help) fight the Soviet ends in Al-Qaida
- 1989: The Red Army retreats, Taliban gets into power.
Taliban works together with Al Qaida
- Osama Bin Laden calls for a holy war to get rid of all non-Muslims in Muslim countries.
1998: ‘’Every Muslim, everywhere in the world, should kill all Americans and their allies’’.
- Al Qaeda committed attack of 9/11
More confusion
- rise fundamentalism caused tension between Islamic countries and Muslims
- Dictator Iraq (Saddam), a Sunni felt threatened by Iran as the majority was Shiite War erupted from 1980/1988
- 9/11 < US brought regimes Afghanistan and Iraq down created confusion Civil war between Shiites and Sunni in Iraq started.
Arab Spring
- Street vendor Tunisia lit himself on fire because of humiliation caused by police People called out to protest via social media
- protests caused dictator Tunisia (ben ali) to flee
- revolts in other autocracies broke out Dictators lost their power
- many Arab protestors hoped for democratization -- only Tunisia became a democracy
- brotherhood won elections army took back power with a coup
- In Syria, revolt against the dictator led to a civil war destroying the country dictator defeated enemies with help from Russia, Iraq, and terror
group Hezbollah
- 2014 group that separated itself from Al Qaeda formed the ‘Islamic State’ in north Iraq and eastern Syria.
New Independent States
- Caused by decolonisation formation independent monarchies middle east/north Africa
- nearly all states with Arab culture and Islam as main religion
- Exceptions; Jewish Israel non-Arab; Turkey and Iran
- usually founded by moderate Muslims wanted to modernise country - chose secular state with democratic constitution
- Saudi Arabia: an absolute monarchy, founded in 1932 -- clergymen have a big influence -- laws based on the sharia.
- In most cases, democracy failed to fully develop in this region, and most ended up governed as autocracies
- democracy only fully developed in: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey
- other countries were ruled by one person (they were autocracies)
- often groups of soldiers seized power -- often worked together with educated citizens with Western ideas.
- governments middle east/north Africa modernised economy/culture with support of Western/Eastern Bloc countries.
Doria Shafik
- journalist who studied in Paris
- supported soldiers who disposed of king of Egypt (1952) and made Egypt a republic -- Egypt got a military government
- government allowed political parties and women's suffrage Democracy soon limited by Nassar
- Nassar became President Egypt 1956 -- ruled Egypt as a one-party state
- Shafik protested put under house arrest by the regime
Israel and the Arabs
- Arabs united in their hate against Israel saw it as a foreign occupier of Arab territory
- six-day war (1967); Israel conquered west bank + east Jerusalem from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and Sinai desert from Egypt, Golan Heights from
Syria.
- 1948/1973; Arab neighbouring countries waged 4 wars against Israel unable to defeat Israel's army
- 1973 President Egypt chose diplomacy, made peace with Israel Egypt got back the Sinai desert.
- Israel continued occupying other conquered territories -- annexed east Jerusalem
- 1994 Jordan made peace with Israel
- 1964; Palestinian resistance groups (led by Arafat) unified in the secular PLO committed terror attacks against Israeli people.
- 1987; Long term’s people revolt started in occupied Palestinian territories Israel struck revolt down.
Fundamentalism and terrorism
- Islamic fundamentalists wanted to live according to Quran/Hadith resisted Western culture, individualism, and materialism
Interbellum fundamentalist movements active in Arab countries resisted secular state.
- The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt oppressed Nassar and his successors
- 1970 < popularity increased also worked to improve welfare poor population through education and medical care
- similar developments took place in other Islamic countries difference between religious and secular groups increased.
Iran
- 1979; development fundamentalism led to protests against their pro-west dictator who fled the country
- Iran became Islamic republic rule of law based on the Sharia
- Iran became a theocracy clergymen have the highest power.
- The government fell under the supervision of the ayatollah; a high-ranking Shiite clergymen.
- Revolution Iran Fundamentalism reinforced in other Islamic countries
- Consequence Islamic revolution western cultural elements repressed -- culture restricted to strict religious views.
Afghanistan
- 1979: Soviets enter to fight anti-communists
radical Muslims (with American help) fight the Soviet ends in Al-Qaida
- 1989: The Red Army retreats, Taliban gets into power.
Taliban works together with Al Qaida
- Osama Bin Laden calls for a holy war to get rid of all non-Muslims in Muslim countries.
1998: ‘’Every Muslim, everywhere in the world, should kill all Americans and their allies’’.
- Al Qaeda committed attack of 9/11
More confusion
- rise fundamentalism caused tension between Islamic countries and Muslims
- Dictator Iraq (Saddam), a Sunni felt threatened by Iran as the majority was Shiite War erupted from 1980/1988
- 9/11 < US brought regimes Afghanistan and Iraq down created confusion Civil war between Shiites and Sunni in Iraq started.
Arab Spring
- Street vendor Tunisia lit himself on fire because of humiliation caused by police People called out to protest via social media
- protests caused dictator Tunisia (ben ali) to flee
- revolts in other autocracies broke out Dictators lost their power
- many Arab protestors hoped for democratization -- only Tunisia became a democracy
- brotherhood won elections army took back power with a coup
- In Syria, revolt against the dictator led to a civil war destroying the country dictator defeated enemies with help from Russia, Iraq, and terror
group Hezbollah
- 2014 group that separated itself from Al Qaeda formed the ‘Islamic State’ in north Iraq and eastern Syria.
