4.1
Decolonisation Dutch indies
Before war: Dutch colonisers suppressed nationalism in the Dutch indies
During war: Japan oppressed indigenous people – Japan turned indigenous people against the west.
After war: Were against restoration Dutch rule, Sukarno declared Indonesia independent 2 days after Japanese capitulation on 17 th August 1945.
Netherland’s Reaction: Indonesian war of independence started Netherlands didn’t accept proclamation of independence.
1946 onwards: Netherlands sent soldiers to restore dutch power tried to negotiate, but failed,
1947: Dutch army executed a large military operation on Java and Sumatra called is a police action Republic fought back with guerrilla attacks
Dutch reacted to these attacks with terror, burned down villages/killed villagers.
1948: Dutch held a second ‘police action’ captured Sukarno Netherlands were forced by the USA and the UN to release him and accept
Indonesian independence.
Indonesian independence: Queen Juliana signed the transfer of sovereignty giving Sukarno’s government highest power over Indonesia.
Decolonisation other dutch colonies
1954: Surinam/Dutch Antilles became Autonomous countries within kingdom of the Netherlands.
1975: Surinam became an independent republic under rule of Prime minister Arron
1986: Aruba became autonomous
2010: Dutch Antilles were disbanded as a unity Sint Maarten became autonomous Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius became special Municipalities
were given the name Caribbean Netherlands.
European countries: weakened by war
USA – Soviet union: Became superpowers. Were against colonialism
USA: Allowed Philippines to become independent in 1946
Decolonisation British India
Before war: British and Indians were conversing about self-governance
After war: British were in favour of decolonisation, left India asap
After decolonisation: British India became India, majority population Hindi Pakistan, majority population Muslim
Gandhi: Wanted to Unite former British India into 1 country Differences between religious groups escalated Muslims fled to Pakistan Hindus
fled to India.
Decolonisation Indochina/Vietnam
After war: Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent after Japan capitulated.
France’s Reaction to Vietnam’s independence: Colonial war started France wanted to reconquer Vietnam
France’s surrender: France gave up after losing a weeklong battle over a ford in the jungle in 1954.
Palestine and Israel
Before 1945: Independent arab states formed in the middle east
After 1945: British ruled Palestine; was a lot of tension between Arab and Jewish population
1896: Jewish author encouraged Zionism, got many followers; thought they needed their own state (safe from anti-semitism) – decided their state
should be Palestine.
Before world war I & interbellum: many Jews migrated to Palestine
1936: Palestinians revolted, wanted to stop jewish immigration
Before 1945: British limited jewish immigration into Palestine
After 1945: Limit of jewish immigration, failed as many jews flew to Palestine after the holocaust.
1947: British declared they would leave Palestine on 15 may 1948
Involvement UN: Wanted to divide Palestine into 2 states Palestinians refused.
14th of may 1948: jewish leader declared State of Israel
Israel had superior military (supplied by countries such as US) conquered majority of Palestine.
Decolonisation in Africa
African nationalism influenced by arab nationalism
1954: African nationalists started war for Algeria’s independence war lasted 8 years 1956 France gave up the colony.
1956: France let Morocco and Tunisia become independent
Morocco Became a kingdom
Tunisia was originally a kingdom became a republic in 1957
1955: Nationalism in sub-Saharan Africa increased
- French, british, Belgians wanted to get rid of their colonies, supported nationalism
1960-1964: 17 british colonies became independent, france transferred power peacefully everywhere.
1960: Belgium relinquished the Congo
Potruguese refused to let colonies in Africa go rebels in Africa started a war of independence in 1974 when Portugal got new government made
colonies independent.
4.2
Start coldwar
- Allied leaders Truman(US), Churchill (UK), Stalin (SU) met up in 1945 to promise to work together
- Allied leaders; Truman (US), Stalin(SU) quickly became enemies world was divided into the eastern bloc (SU) and the west (US)
- There was hostility without fighting between US and SU a cold war.
Cause hostility between US and SU
- were powerful countries with different ideologies
- US = Democracy, capitalism
- SU = Communism, dictatorship
- wanted to spread their ideologies; became competitors
Bloc formation indirect cause world war II
, bloc formation
- Areas liberated by the western allies; fell under American sphere of influence
- Areas liberated/occupied by Soviet army; fell under Soviet union’s sphere of influence.
Stalin added Baltic states so SU and helped communists gain power in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
Division Germany
- West Germany 1949: capitalist federal republic of Germany; with parliamentary democracy.
- East Germany German democratic republic; was a communist dictatorship.
West berlin part capitalist federal republic of Germany East berlin part German democratic republic
- The berlin wall: was built in 1961 to prevent citizens from the east and west from communicating; guarded with minefields, barbed wires and watch
towers.
European countries after war:
- Western countries: feared invasion of red army
- Western countries: had concern about the increase in communism
- communism: seemed a solution to poverty
Start of us policy containment – 1948 onwards
- US wanted to stop communist expansion by rebuilding economy western European countries. US spent billions of dollars.
- 1950: prosperity (western European countries) increased – poverty disappeared – communism decreased.
- Us gave military aid
- 1949: US, Canada, west/south European countries formed the NATO soviet union, eastern bloc formed Warsaw pact.
- fear of global communist expansion increased SU had atomic bombs, China was led by a communist NATO increased military
Stalin’s death
- successor was Khrushchev
- Khrushchev said that communism and capitalism live side by side to prevent atomic war
- arms race between the great powers continued.
Progression nuclear weapons
- became more destructive
- increased in number
- were produced as missiles could hit enemy’s territory everywhere.
Cold war
- 1961 tension increased especially around berlin.
- Khrushchev wanted to take west berlin GDR built berlin wall to end flow of east Germans migrating to west Germany.
Cuba crisis
- 1959: communist castro took power in cuba
- 1961: CIA tried to chase him out were defeated
- 1962: CIA found missile installations on Cuba
- Missile installations were placed on Cuba by Khrushchev
- Khrushchev removed missile installation per request of Kennedy
The hotline
- direct connection between the SU and US
- could swiftly discuss problems reduced tension of the cold far for 50 years
Détente
- superpowers remained heavily armed Russia had a yearly march dhowing off its military
- SU and US were both onvolved in conflicts such as the Vietnam war
Vietnam war
- SU provided weapons for communist (northern) Vietnam
- US soldiers fought against Communist (northern) Vietnam
- Communist conquered Vietnam
End coldwar
- tension increased in 1980 GDR wanted to place nuclear weapons in western Germany population western Germany opposed this, were scared
of nuclear war
- 1985: SU leader Gorbachev allowed more freedom, ended arms race together with US President Reagan.
-1989: mass protests in east germany against communist leaders Gorbachev relinquished his power in multiple countries also Germany
- GDR opened berlin wall to stop protest waal was destroyed by angry cilivians
- 1990 GDR was dissolved east Germany joined the federal republic
-1991 SU fell apat in 15 indipendent states without communism.
Tension in Korea
- 1945 SU liberated korea from Japan Korea became communist state – led by Kim il-sung, had a Stalinist regime
- 1950 Korea tried to conquer capitalist south korea failed
- south korea supported by UN troops led by US – Korea supported by SU and china.
- 1953 stalin died Korean war ended tension continued due to a heavily guarded border and American military with nuclear weapons.
- South korea became a prosperous rich country
- north korea became poor invested money in its military developed nuclear weapons with help of SU and China to protect themselves from
south Korea
- west says north Korea is threatening peace in the region and the world.
Decolonisation Dutch indies
Before war: Dutch colonisers suppressed nationalism in the Dutch indies
During war: Japan oppressed indigenous people – Japan turned indigenous people against the west.
After war: Were against restoration Dutch rule, Sukarno declared Indonesia independent 2 days after Japanese capitulation on 17 th August 1945.
Netherland’s Reaction: Indonesian war of independence started Netherlands didn’t accept proclamation of independence.
1946 onwards: Netherlands sent soldiers to restore dutch power tried to negotiate, but failed,
1947: Dutch army executed a large military operation on Java and Sumatra called is a police action Republic fought back with guerrilla attacks
Dutch reacted to these attacks with terror, burned down villages/killed villagers.
1948: Dutch held a second ‘police action’ captured Sukarno Netherlands were forced by the USA and the UN to release him and accept
Indonesian independence.
Indonesian independence: Queen Juliana signed the transfer of sovereignty giving Sukarno’s government highest power over Indonesia.
Decolonisation other dutch colonies
1954: Surinam/Dutch Antilles became Autonomous countries within kingdom of the Netherlands.
1975: Surinam became an independent republic under rule of Prime minister Arron
1986: Aruba became autonomous
2010: Dutch Antilles were disbanded as a unity Sint Maarten became autonomous Bonaire, Saba, Sint Eustatius became special Municipalities
were given the name Caribbean Netherlands.
European countries: weakened by war
USA – Soviet union: Became superpowers. Were against colonialism
USA: Allowed Philippines to become independent in 1946
Decolonisation British India
Before war: British and Indians were conversing about self-governance
After war: British were in favour of decolonisation, left India asap
After decolonisation: British India became India, majority population Hindi Pakistan, majority population Muslim
Gandhi: Wanted to Unite former British India into 1 country Differences between religious groups escalated Muslims fled to Pakistan Hindus
fled to India.
Decolonisation Indochina/Vietnam
After war: Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent after Japan capitulated.
France’s Reaction to Vietnam’s independence: Colonial war started France wanted to reconquer Vietnam
France’s surrender: France gave up after losing a weeklong battle over a ford in the jungle in 1954.
Palestine and Israel
Before 1945: Independent arab states formed in the middle east
After 1945: British ruled Palestine; was a lot of tension between Arab and Jewish population
1896: Jewish author encouraged Zionism, got many followers; thought they needed their own state (safe from anti-semitism) – decided their state
should be Palestine.
Before world war I & interbellum: many Jews migrated to Palestine
1936: Palestinians revolted, wanted to stop jewish immigration
Before 1945: British limited jewish immigration into Palestine
After 1945: Limit of jewish immigration, failed as many jews flew to Palestine after the holocaust.
1947: British declared they would leave Palestine on 15 may 1948
Involvement UN: Wanted to divide Palestine into 2 states Palestinians refused.
14th of may 1948: jewish leader declared State of Israel
Israel had superior military (supplied by countries such as US) conquered majority of Palestine.
Decolonisation in Africa
African nationalism influenced by arab nationalism
1954: African nationalists started war for Algeria’s independence war lasted 8 years 1956 France gave up the colony.
1956: France let Morocco and Tunisia become independent
Morocco Became a kingdom
Tunisia was originally a kingdom became a republic in 1957
1955: Nationalism in sub-Saharan Africa increased
- French, british, Belgians wanted to get rid of their colonies, supported nationalism
1960-1964: 17 british colonies became independent, france transferred power peacefully everywhere.
1960: Belgium relinquished the Congo
Potruguese refused to let colonies in Africa go rebels in Africa started a war of independence in 1974 when Portugal got new government made
colonies independent.
4.2
Start coldwar
- Allied leaders Truman(US), Churchill (UK), Stalin (SU) met up in 1945 to promise to work together
- Allied leaders; Truman (US), Stalin(SU) quickly became enemies world was divided into the eastern bloc (SU) and the west (US)
- There was hostility without fighting between US and SU a cold war.
Cause hostility between US and SU
- were powerful countries with different ideologies
- US = Democracy, capitalism
- SU = Communism, dictatorship
- wanted to spread their ideologies; became competitors
Bloc formation indirect cause world war II
, bloc formation
- Areas liberated by the western allies; fell under American sphere of influence
- Areas liberated/occupied by Soviet army; fell under Soviet union’s sphere of influence.
Stalin added Baltic states so SU and helped communists gain power in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
Division Germany
- West Germany 1949: capitalist federal republic of Germany; with parliamentary democracy.
- East Germany German democratic republic; was a communist dictatorship.
West berlin part capitalist federal republic of Germany East berlin part German democratic republic
- The berlin wall: was built in 1961 to prevent citizens from the east and west from communicating; guarded with minefields, barbed wires and watch
towers.
European countries after war:
- Western countries: feared invasion of red army
- Western countries: had concern about the increase in communism
- communism: seemed a solution to poverty
Start of us policy containment – 1948 onwards
- US wanted to stop communist expansion by rebuilding economy western European countries. US spent billions of dollars.
- 1950: prosperity (western European countries) increased – poverty disappeared – communism decreased.
- Us gave military aid
- 1949: US, Canada, west/south European countries formed the NATO soviet union, eastern bloc formed Warsaw pact.
- fear of global communist expansion increased SU had atomic bombs, China was led by a communist NATO increased military
Stalin’s death
- successor was Khrushchev
- Khrushchev said that communism and capitalism live side by side to prevent atomic war
- arms race between the great powers continued.
Progression nuclear weapons
- became more destructive
- increased in number
- were produced as missiles could hit enemy’s territory everywhere.
Cold war
- 1961 tension increased especially around berlin.
- Khrushchev wanted to take west berlin GDR built berlin wall to end flow of east Germans migrating to west Germany.
Cuba crisis
- 1959: communist castro took power in cuba
- 1961: CIA tried to chase him out were defeated
- 1962: CIA found missile installations on Cuba
- Missile installations were placed on Cuba by Khrushchev
- Khrushchev removed missile installation per request of Kennedy
The hotline
- direct connection between the SU and US
- could swiftly discuss problems reduced tension of the cold far for 50 years
Détente
- superpowers remained heavily armed Russia had a yearly march dhowing off its military
- SU and US were both onvolved in conflicts such as the Vietnam war
Vietnam war
- SU provided weapons for communist (northern) Vietnam
- US soldiers fought against Communist (northern) Vietnam
- Communist conquered Vietnam
End coldwar
- tension increased in 1980 GDR wanted to place nuclear weapons in western Germany population western Germany opposed this, were scared
of nuclear war
- 1985: SU leader Gorbachev allowed more freedom, ended arms race together with US President Reagan.
-1989: mass protests in east germany against communist leaders Gorbachev relinquished his power in multiple countries also Germany
- GDR opened berlin wall to stop protest waal was destroyed by angry cilivians
- 1990 GDR was dissolved east Germany joined the federal republic
-1991 SU fell apat in 15 indipendent states without communism.
Tension in Korea
- 1945 SU liberated korea from Japan Korea became communist state – led by Kim il-sung, had a Stalinist regime
- 1950 Korea tried to conquer capitalist south korea failed
- south korea supported by UN troops led by US – Korea supported by SU and china.
- 1953 stalin died Korean war ended tension continued due to a heavily guarded border and American military with nuclear weapons.
- South korea became a prosperous rich country
- north korea became poor invested money in its military developed nuclear weapons with help of SU and China to protect themselves from
south Korea
- west says north Korea is threatening peace in the region and the world.
