1.1
The idea of progress: The idea that life keeps getting better
La belle époque: The beautiful period, from 1890 – 1914
Time of world wars: Ninth area,1900 – 1950
Time zone: Area with the same time
Two-Front war: War which is fought in two areas at the same time
World war: War in which many people in a large part of the world participate.
1846: Station clocks great Britain, connected via telegraph wires
1848: Time Greenwich, became the national time of Great Britain.
1891: European countries divided Europe into three time zones.
1940: Germans invaded Netherlands, Introduced central European time.
1890 - 1914 = la belle époque/the beautiful period; was the period before the wars.
1900 – 1950 = time of the world wars (ninth area)
1896: First modern Olympics games were held, in Athens.
- Before the 1900 century, every place had its own time; determined by the sun's position.
- After 1900th century: New century started at the same time in large parts of Europe.
Consequence difference in time
- departure and arrival times trains were not accurate nor fixed.
Solution
- From 1846 onwards station clocks in Great Britain were connected via telegraph wires; they were synchronized
- time Greenwich served as standard time.
Time zone
- Great Britain – 1848 Time in Greenwich became national time, used for all activities.
- European countries
International train traffic increased; agreements had to be made
1891, European countries were divided into 3 time zones
Time zones – Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Greenwich
Before 1940
- National time Netherlands was time in Greenwich; consequence -->became dark, quite early
After 1940
- Germans occupied Netherlands, changed the time zone to central European time
1890 – 1914 The beautiful period
Increasing democracy and prosperity.
Public transport became available for more people
Time was both good for poor and rich
Respect for workers, child labour was abolished
Devices/products from industrial revolution made life easier; telephone, lightbulbs
Were more/new entertainment venues; cinemas cafes, sports matches.
Medicinal hygiene brought hygiene and decreased diseases.
Popular books were read throughout Europe; due to new printing techniques.
People travel through more and further countries; due to modern transport.
Tourism increased.
Consequences
- created uncertainty about the future
- made people optimistic
- People shared the idea of progress
Olympic Games of 1896
- 1896, Olympic games were reintroduced by Pierre de Coubertin.
- Olympic games were held in Athens
- New transport, increasing prosperity allowed large amounts of visitors, athletes to attend the games.
- Were a contest between states
- measuring time important, success depended on speed; stopwatch helped with measuring time.
- People who lived in cities/worked in offices started sports to compensate lack of exercise, fresh air.
Nationalism and sports
- Sport made men tough, resilient, disciplined, conditioned, and well fit.
- Men would therefore be more fit for the army and gave the team spirit/discipline.
- This strengthened the (French) armies.
, 1.2
Allies: The Us, Great Britain, France and Russia + its allies
Arms race: Race for strongest weapons
Central powers: Germany, Austria and their allies
Militarism: Glorification of everything to do with the military
Mobilisation: Making an army combat ready
Trench: Dug hallways in which soldiers protect themselves and hide from the enemy.
Two – Front war: war in which is fought in two areas at the same time.
World war: War in which many people in a large part of the worlf participate.
28th June 1914; Austrian crown prince Franz Ferdinand shot when visiting Bosnia, the capital of Sarajevo.
28th July 1914; Austria declared war on Serbia
1914: Germany declared war on Russia
1914: Germany declared war on france
third of August 1914; Germany Violated Belgium’s Neutrality
1915: Germans sent troops to eastern front to attack Russia.
1915: Germans conquered: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian part Poland, re-conquered Austria
1916: Russia lost its military strengths
1917: Russian tsar stepped down after a revolt; New government Russia continued the war
1917: Russian Soldiers surrendered, deserted, killed their officers.
1917: United stated declared war on Germany; sent 500.000 soldiers to France
1918: Russia made peace with Germany gave Germany; parts of eastern Russia and Ukraine.
1918: Allied forces used, tanks, planes, canons; killed thousands of soldiers and civilians.
11.00 o’clock on 11 of October, in 1918: Germany surrendered
World war I
-Started 1914, Ended 1918
- Between the Allies and the Central powers.
- the Allies; Great Britain, France, Russia, And their allies; USA, Italy)
- The central powers; Germany, Austria, and their allies; Ottoman empire).
Armies
- In French army - Africans
- In British Army - Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders
Cause Great War
- Tension grew, due to Nationalism
- Love for one’s own people was important, and hated other peoples
- Germany, Russia – Wanted Power
- France – wanted revenge, on Germany
- France + Russia – Formed alliance against Germany
- Bulgaria, Serbia – Wanted to expand at cost of ottoman empire
- Serbia – Wanted Austrian province of Bosnia.
War was seen as a way to strengthen one’s nation
Military
- Military values; Courage, discipline, fighting, Were regarded highly.
- Was a lot of Militarism; glorification, of the military.
Consequences militarism
- Countries, wanted to be the best armed.
- Stronger weapons were stocked.
Start Great war
- 28th June 1914; Austrian crown prince Franz Ferdinand shot when visiting Bosnia, the capital of Sarajevo.
- Shooter – Part of a terror group – Sent to Sarajevo by secret Serbian intelligence.
- Austria and Germany allied.
- Serbia, allied with Russia, Who got help from France.
- 28th July 1914; Austria declared war on Serbia
- Germany declared war on Russia; As Russia Wanted to Attack Austria
- Germany Declared war on France; As France started mobilising, after Germany declared war on Russia.
- third of August 1914; Germany Violated Belgium’s Neutrality; they moved through it to get to the northern border of France.
- Great Britain declared war on Germany; Germany Violated Belgium’s neutrality.
The first week of the great war
- New industrially produced weapons killed + Injured hundreds of thousands.
- German army, conquered north of France.
Trenches
The idea of progress: The idea that life keeps getting better
La belle époque: The beautiful period, from 1890 – 1914
Time of world wars: Ninth area,1900 – 1950
Time zone: Area with the same time
Two-Front war: War which is fought in two areas at the same time
World war: War in which many people in a large part of the world participate.
1846: Station clocks great Britain, connected via telegraph wires
1848: Time Greenwich, became the national time of Great Britain.
1891: European countries divided Europe into three time zones.
1940: Germans invaded Netherlands, Introduced central European time.
1890 - 1914 = la belle époque/the beautiful period; was the period before the wars.
1900 – 1950 = time of the world wars (ninth area)
1896: First modern Olympics games were held, in Athens.
- Before the 1900 century, every place had its own time; determined by the sun's position.
- After 1900th century: New century started at the same time in large parts of Europe.
Consequence difference in time
- departure and arrival times trains were not accurate nor fixed.
Solution
- From 1846 onwards station clocks in Great Britain were connected via telegraph wires; they were synchronized
- time Greenwich served as standard time.
Time zone
- Great Britain – 1848 Time in Greenwich became national time, used for all activities.
- European countries
International train traffic increased; agreements had to be made
1891, European countries were divided into 3 time zones
Time zones – Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Greenwich
Before 1940
- National time Netherlands was time in Greenwich; consequence -->became dark, quite early
After 1940
- Germans occupied Netherlands, changed the time zone to central European time
1890 – 1914 The beautiful period
Increasing democracy and prosperity.
Public transport became available for more people
Time was both good for poor and rich
Respect for workers, child labour was abolished
Devices/products from industrial revolution made life easier; telephone, lightbulbs
Were more/new entertainment venues; cinemas cafes, sports matches.
Medicinal hygiene brought hygiene and decreased diseases.
Popular books were read throughout Europe; due to new printing techniques.
People travel through more and further countries; due to modern transport.
Tourism increased.
Consequences
- created uncertainty about the future
- made people optimistic
- People shared the idea of progress
Olympic Games of 1896
- 1896, Olympic games were reintroduced by Pierre de Coubertin.
- Olympic games were held in Athens
- New transport, increasing prosperity allowed large amounts of visitors, athletes to attend the games.
- Were a contest between states
- measuring time important, success depended on speed; stopwatch helped with measuring time.
- People who lived in cities/worked in offices started sports to compensate lack of exercise, fresh air.
Nationalism and sports
- Sport made men tough, resilient, disciplined, conditioned, and well fit.
- Men would therefore be more fit for the army and gave the team spirit/discipline.
- This strengthened the (French) armies.
, 1.2
Allies: The Us, Great Britain, France and Russia + its allies
Arms race: Race for strongest weapons
Central powers: Germany, Austria and their allies
Militarism: Glorification of everything to do with the military
Mobilisation: Making an army combat ready
Trench: Dug hallways in which soldiers protect themselves and hide from the enemy.
Two – Front war: war in which is fought in two areas at the same time.
World war: War in which many people in a large part of the worlf participate.
28th June 1914; Austrian crown prince Franz Ferdinand shot when visiting Bosnia, the capital of Sarajevo.
28th July 1914; Austria declared war on Serbia
1914: Germany declared war on Russia
1914: Germany declared war on france
third of August 1914; Germany Violated Belgium’s Neutrality
1915: Germans sent troops to eastern front to attack Russia.
1915: Germans conquered: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian part Poland, re-conquered Austria
1916: Russia lost its military strengths
1917: Russian tsar stepped down after a revolt; New government Russia continued the war
1917: Russian Soldiers surrendered, deserted, killed their officers.
1917: United stated declared war on Germany; sent 500.000 soldiers to France
1918: Russia made peace with Germany gave Germany; parts of eastern Russia and Ukraine.
1918: Allied forces used, tanks, planes, canons; killed thousands of soldiers and civilians.
11.00 o’clock on 11 of October, in 1918: Germany surrendered
World war I
-Started 1914, Ended 1918
- Between the Allies and the Central powers.
- the Allies; Great Britain, France, Russia, And their allies; USA, Italy)
- The central powers; Germany, Austria, and their allies; Ottoman empire).
Armies
- In French army - Africans
- In British Army - Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders
Cause Great War
- Tension grew, due to Nationalism
- Love for one’s own people was important, and hated other peoples
- Germany, Russia – Wanted Power
- France – wanted revenge, on Germany
- France + Russia – Formed alliance against Germany
- Bulgaria, Serbia – Wanted to expand at cost of ottoman empire
- Serbia – Wanted Austrian province of Bosnia.
War was seen as a way to strengthen one’s nation
Military
- Military values; Courage, discipline, fighting, Were regarded highly.
- Was a lot of Militarism; glorification, of the military.
Consequences militarism
- Countries, wanted to be the best armed.
- Stronger weapons were stocked.
Start Great war
- 28th June 1914; Austrian crown prince Franz Ferdinand shot when visiting Bosnia, the capital of Sarajevo.
- Shooter – Part of a terror group – Sent to Sarajevo by secret Serbian intelligence.
- Austria and Germany allied.
- Serbia, allied with Russia, Who got help from France.
- 28th July 1914; Austria declared war on Serbia
- Germany declared war on Russia; As Russia Wanted to Attack Austria
- Germany Declared war on France; As France started mobilising, after Germany declared war on Russia.
- third of August 1914; Germany Violated Belgium’s Neutrality; they moved through it to get to the northern border of France.
- Great Britain declared war on Germany; Germany Violated Belgium’s neutrality.
The first week of the great war
- New industrially produced weapons killed + Injured hundreds of thousands.
- German army, conquered north of France.
Trenches
