6.1
Chancellor: German Head of Government, Prime Minister
Conference: Assembly, meeting
Multi-ethnic state: state in which several peoples live
Nation: people
Nation-state: state of one people
Nationalism: predilection for one's own people, striving for a nation-state of its own
Opposition: opponents of the government
Power: country, state
1814: Great powers decided they would regularly hold conferences.
1815: Defeat Napoleon
1815: Nationalism became stronger
1830: conference of powerful states decided Greece became in depended
1830: Belgium separates from the Netherlands
1832: Treaty Constantinople
1870 – 1871 – Franco-Prussian War.
1877: Russia invaded Ottoman empire.
After Napoleon's defeat, there were six great powers in Europe.
Six great powers
1. United Kingdom
2. Russia
3. France
4. Austria
5. Prussia
6. Ottoman Empire
Consequences Napoleon left
- French felt more connected to each other.
- German speaking people started to form a nation
- German speaking wanted to unify into a nation state.
Consequences Congress of Vienna
- They only took monarchs
- German speaking areas were divided into 39 kingdoms
- Italy was divided into 7 kingdoms
Austria was a multi-ethnic state led by the Habsburg emperor. The Austrians themselves were a minority in their own
empire.
Russia also a multi-ethnic state. Most of the Tsar's subjects were Russians, but the Tsar also ruled over Finns, Georgians,
Kazakhs, and other peoples.
Consequences rise nationalism
- More revolts
- More new states
- Greece revolted and became independent.
Belgian Revolt
- Belgium revolted against William I
- Belgium formed an independent state.
- The great powers made Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg king of Belgium.
- William I didn’t accept this, sent a Dutch army to `Belgium.
- William I gave up when French army came to the aid of the Belgians.
Italy
- New condition.
- Fierce nationalism since 1815
- 1861 Garibaldi king of Serbia Also Became King of Italy
- 1861 kingdom of Italy (Italy became a republic only in 1946
Germany
- Nationalists and Liberals opposed against government
- In Germany, too, the nationalists turned against the princes of the various states from 1815 onwards. -> success only
after cooperation kingdom Prussia.
Bismarck
- Bismarck thought that war with France would help. -> The French have been hated throughout Germany since the
Napoleonic occupation.
- If Bismarck could manage to get France to attack again, the other German Kings would have to join in the fight and
accept the leadership of the strong Prussian army.
- France also wanted war; In France, -> Napoleon III, nephew of napoleon was elected president; He was a nationalist
and wanted to make France as powerful as under his uncle.
, Franco-Prussian War
- 1870 – 1871
- January 1871 -> France surrendered. (Shortly before, the German monarchs in the palace at Versailles had
proclaimed the German Empire. Bismarck persuaded them to crown the Prussian king emperor).
- This war became a bloodbath - > weapons were much more deadly than they were due to industrialization than they
were early.
- Result: after this war, the German states united in 1871 under the leadership of Prussia in the German Empire.
After Franco-Prussian war
- After the Franco-Prussian War, the German states united in the German Empire in 1871 under the leadership of
Prussia.
- After the Franco-Prussian war, tensions rose > Germany wanted to become the most powerful country in the world,
but France wanted revenge.
Invasion Ottoman empire
- Russia supported Serbia and Bulgaria’s nationalism which were part of the ottoman empire.
- 1877 Russia invaded ottoman empire.
- The other great powers did not want Russia to invade the Capital of the ottoman empire.
Consequences invasion ottoman empire
- Serbia became independent
- Bulgaria became an independent part of the ottoman empire
- Austria was given rule over Bosnia
- 1908 Sultan ottoman empire made bosnia independent
- Serbia started world war I because it wanted to rule Bosnia.
6.2
Communication revolution: thorough improvement of means of exchanging information
Gramophone: Instrument that reproduces sound captured on a disc
Telegraph: instrument for transmitting messages with electrical signals via copper wire
Transport revolution: thorough improvement of means of transport
Typewriter: device used to print letters on paper
Time of citizens and steam engines: 1800-1900
1825: first steamtrain was built
1830: first railway line in England
1839: First Dutch railway line Amsterdam and Haarlem
1870: major railways in west, central, south europe
1840: Great Britain was the first country to start building a telegraph network
1866: Europe and America were connected by cable across the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean
1869: Opening of the Suez Canal
1872: Rotterdam was connected to the North Sea by the Nieuwe Waterweg
1881: Amsterdam was the first Dutch city to receive a telephone network
In the19th century, a transport revolution took place, making the transport of people and goods easier and faster.
England
1830 - The first railway line was opened in England.
- An extensive rail network arose in England that connected all the important cities.
- England build railways in it colonies
Europe
- started building railways in 1850
- 1870 railways in west, south, central Europe
Netherlands
- Netherlands first built railway bridges
- the Culemburg bridge, with a suspended part was finished, did not hinder shipping.
- Netherlands started building railways
- 1839 the first railway line between Amsterdam and Haarlem was opened
- Started paving roads, was made easier after 1860 with steam roller.
Cars
- kerl benz designed cars based on the bicycle and carriage
- Powered his cars with petrol
water transport
- In Britain, around 1800, dozens of canals were dug
- 1830 – Steamship made transport easier
- Steamship was faster, could transport more.
- Suez Canal 1869: canal dug through Egypt, ships between Europe and Asia no longer had to go around Africa.
- New water way was built through the dunes of Hoek van holland and Ijmuiden, made Amsterdam and Rotterdam more
accessible.
- As for the improvement of the Waal and Meuse large ships could reach German industrial region faster.
Chancellor: German Head of Government, Prime Minister
Conference: Assembly, meeting
Multi-ethnic state: state in which several peoples live
Nation: people
Nation-state: state of one people
Nationalism: predilection for one's own people, striving for a nation-state of its own
Opposition: opponents of the government
Power: country, state
1814: Great powers decided they would regularly hold conferences.
1815: Defeat Napoleon
1815: Nationalism became stronger
1830: conference of powerful states decided Greece became in depended
1830: Belgium separates from the Netherlands
1832: Treaty Constantinople
1870 – 1871 – Franco-Prussian War.
1877: Russia invaded Ottoman empire.
After Napoleon's defeat, there were six great powers in Europe.
Six great powers
1. United Kingdom
2. Russia
3. France
4. Austria
5. Prussia
6. Ottoman Empire
Consequences Napoleon left
- French felt more connected to each other.
- German speaking people started to form a nation
- German speaking wanted to unify into a nation state.
Consequences Congress of Vienna
- They only took monarchs
- German speaking areas were divided into 39 kingdoms
- Italy was divided into 7 kingdoms
Austria was a multi-ethnic state led by the Habsburg emperor. The Austrians themselves were a minority in their own
empire.
Russia also a multi-ethnic state. Most of the Tsar's subjects were Russians, but the Tsar also ruled over Finns, Georgians,
Kazakhs, and other peoples.
Consequences rise nationalism
- More revolts
- More new states
- Greece revolted and became independent.
Belgian Revolt
- Belgium revolted against William I
- Belgium formed an independent state.
- The great powers made Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg king of Belgium.
- William I didn’t accept this, sent a Dutch army to `Belgium.
- William I gave up when French army came to the aid of the Belgians.
Italy
- New condition.
- Fierce nationalism since 1815
- 1861 Garibaldi king of Serbia Also Became King of Italy
- 1861 kingdom of Italy (Italy became a republic only in 1946
Germany
- Nationalists and Liberals opposed against government
- In Germany, too, the nationalists turned against the princes of the various states from 1815 onwards. -> success only
after cooperation kingdom Prussia.
Bismarck
- Bismarck thought that war with France would help. -> The French have been hated throughout Germany since the
Napoleonic occupation.
- If Bismarck could manage to get France to attack again, the other German Kings would have to join in the fight and
accept the leadership of the strong Prussian army.
- France also wanted war; In France, -> Napoleon III, nephew of napoleon was elected president; He was a nationalist
and wanted to make France as powerful as under his uncle.
, Franco-Prussian War
- 1870 – 1871
- January 1871 -> France surrendered. (Shortly before, the German monarchs in the palace at Versailles had
proclaimed the German Empire. Bismarck persuaded them to crown the Prussian king emperor).
- This war became a bloodbath - > weapons were much more deadly than they were due to industrialization than they
were early.
- Result: after this war, the German states united in 1871 under the leadership of Prussia in the German Empire.
After Franco-Prussian war
- After the Franco-Prussian War, the German states united in the German Empire in 1871 under the leadership of
Prussia.
- After the Franco-Prussian war, tensions rose > Germany wanted to become the most powerful country in the world,
but France wanted revenge.
Invasion Ottoman empire
- Russia supported Serbia and Bulgaria’s nationalism which were part of the ottoman empire.
- 1877 Russia invaded ottoman empire.
- The other great powers did not want Russia to invade the Capital of the ottoman empire.
Consequences invasion ottoman empire
- Serbia became independent
- Bulgaria became an independent part of the ottoman empire
- Austria was given rule over Bosnia
- 1908 Sultan ottoman empire made bosnia independent
- Serbia started world war I because it wanted to rule Bosnia.
6.2
Communication revolution: thorough improvement of means of exchanging information
Gramophone: Instrument that reproduces sound captured on a disc
Telegraph: instrument for transmitting messages with electrical signals via copper wire
Transport revolution: thorough improvement of means of transport
Typewriter: device used to print letters on paper
Time of citizens and steam engines: 1800-1900
1825: first steamtrain was built
1830: first railway line in England
1839: First Dutch railway line Amsterdam and Haarlem
1870: major railways in west, central, south europe
1840: Great Britain was the first country to start building a telegraph network
1866: Europe and America were connected by cable across the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean
1869: Opening of the Suez Canal
1872: Rotterdam was connected to the North Sea by the Nieuwe Waterweg
1881: Amsterdam was the first Dutch city to receive a telephone network
In the19th century, a transport revolution took place, making the transport of people and goods easier and faster.
England
1830 - The first railway line was opened in England.
- An extensive rail network arose in England that connected all the important cities.
- England build railways in it colonies
Europe
- started building railways in 1850
- 1870 railways in west, south, central Europe
Netherlands
- Netherlands first built railway bridges
- the Culemburg bridge, with a suspended part was finished, did not hinder shipping.
- Netherlands started building railways
- 1839 the first railway line between Amsterdam and Haarlem was opened
- Started paving roads, was made easier after 1860 with steam roller.
Cars
- kerl benz designed cars based on the bicycle and carriage
- Powered his cars with petrol
water transport
- In Britain, around 1800, dozens of canals were dug
- 1830 – Steamship made transport easier
- Steamship was faster, could transport more.
- Suez Canal 1869: canal dug through Egypt, ships between Europe and Asia no longer had to go around Africa.
- New water way was built through the dunes of Hoek van holland and Ijmuiden, made Amsterdam and Rotterdam more
accessible.
- As for the improvement of the Waal and Meuse large ships could reach German industrial region faster.
