Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (Ch. 7) Rated A+

Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of
Form and Function (Ch. 7)

Osteology - ANSThe study of bone

Skeletal System - ANSComposed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a
strong, flexible framework for the body

Osseous Tissue - ANSConnective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of
calcium phosphate and other minerals

Mineralization (Calcification) - ANSThe hardening process of bone that includes calcium
phosphate (hydroxyapatite), calcium carbonate, and other minerals

Long Bones - ANSA type of bone that is longer than it is wide. They serve as rigid levers.
Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges

Short Bones - ANSNearly equal in length and width. They include the carpal and tarsal
bones and have limited motion and merely glide across one another

Flat Bones - ANSEnclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle
attachment. They include most cranial bones and the ribs, sternum and hip bones

Irregular Bones - ANSElaborate shapes that do not fit into any of the preceding categories.
They include the vertebra and some skull bones

Compact (dense) Bone - ANSDenser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked
eye. forms the external surfaces of all bones, so spongy bone is always covered by compact
bone. Makes up 3/4 of body weight

Medullary (marrow) Cavity - ANSA space enclosed in a cylinder containing bone marrow

Blood Vessels - ANSGet RBC out, growth of bone by minerals and glucose, transport
system for reproduction and to eliminate waste

Spongy (cancellous) Bone - ANSBone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of thin
plates of bone called trabeculae; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in the
epiphyses of long bone.

Diaphysis - ANSThe long bones shaft

Epiphysis - ANSAn expanded head at each end of the long bone

, Articular Cartilage - ANSA thin hyaline cartilage layer that covers epiphyses of bones in
synovial joints. This allows for less friction

Nutrient Foramina - ANSMinute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to
penetrate

Periosteum - ANSa dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their
extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles

Perforating (Sharpey) Fibers - ANSTufts of collagen fibers that extend from its fibrous layer
into bone matrix, which secure periosteum to underlying bone

Joint - ANSThe point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially
if the articulation allows motion)

Ligament - ANSA sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or
supporting muscles or organs

Tendon - ANSA cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony
attachment

Cartilage - ANSConnective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends
of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

Nerves - ANSNeural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part
of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands,
and sense organs

Endosteum - ANSA think layer of articular cartilage with cells that dissolve and deposit
osseous tissue and others that deposit it within the internal surface of a bone; contains
osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

Epiphyseal plate - ANSgrowth plate; layer of hyaline cartilage separating epiphysis from
diaphysis in growing bone

Diploe - ANSSpongy layer of bone in the cranium

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) Cells - ANSStem cells that develop from embryonic
mesenchymal cells that give rise to most other bone cell types; mitotic

Osteoblasts - ANSBone-forming cells; single layer; non-mitotic. Roughly cuboidal or angular
and line up in a single layer on the bone surface under the endosteum and periosteum;
mineral deposition; produce and release a hormone->Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin - ANSStimulate insulin secretion by the pancrea, increase sensitivity in
adipoctyes and limit growth of adipose tissue