BIO 242 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+

BIO 242 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ Which lines of defense would be considered nonspecific? First line of defense Second line of defense Differentiate between components of first and second line defense FIRST:Physical and Chemical barriers SECOND: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins FLOD: lysozome is secreted in tears in saliva What human body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and tough cell barrier with its own normal biota? skin The sweat doud on skin and saliva in the mouth attributed to what line of defense? First line Eosinophils attack parasitic helminths Basophils - make up less than .5% of circulating WBCs - granules contain histamine When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into________ Macrophages Inflammation- Cardinal Signs - Rubor: redness - Calor: warmth -Tumor: swelling Dolor: pain The third line of defense against foreign invaders van be describes as having _______ and _______ Specificity and Memory A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is an ______ Antigen ___ cells are part of the humoral immunity and mature in the BM B cells ____ cells are part of the cell mediated immunity and mature in the thymyus T cells The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is IgG _____ cells secrete antibodies Plasma IgG monomer IgA dimer IgM pentamer Example of natural active immunity chicken pox infection, followed by lifelong immunity Example of natural passive immunity breastfeeding or an antitoxin because the body receives fully formed immunoglobulins and will not result in memory In HIV infection CD4 T- helper cells are attacked, disruption of cell mediated immunity Tetanus differs from botulism in that muscles cannot relax in tetanus, while muscles cannot contract in botulism. Botulism caused by an -exotoxin - prevents the release of AcH resulting in faccid paralysis Oral lesions called Koplik's spot are seen in patients with _____ measles infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus) signs/ symptoms: fatigue, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly Variant Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is caused by ______ Prions When bacteria flourish and grow in the bloodstream the conditioned is termed _____ Sepsis If a person who has never been infected with human herpesvirus 3 comes in contact with the fluid of shingle lesions, they will come down with ______ chickenpox A bull's- eye rash at the site of a tick bite is associated with ___ Lyme disease The causative agent of lyme disease is Borrelia burgdorferi Staphylococcus aureus can cause MRSA impetigo, scalded syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis Can food poisoning still occur after consuming a reheated pot of soup known to be contaminated with staphylococcus aureus? -G+ and clusters of grapes - yes Causative agent of ocular trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis Causative agent of pharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to the following complications - scarlet fever - rheumatic fever - glomerulonephritis Influenza can exhibit constant mutation of viral glycoproteins, called antigenic _______, or alternately antigenic ___ which is a more serious phenomenon caused by the exchange of a viral gene with that of another influenza virus strain - drift - shift Tuberculosis causative agent mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis Diagnosis - TB skin test - acid fast staining sputum sample - culture of sputum sample - chest x rays Causative agent of Gastritis Helicobacter pylori A virulence factor found in helicobacter pylori is production of urease enzyme ____ are now used to treat ulcers antibiotics Which is safer to eat, steak or a hamburger? steak, ground beef is more dangerous E.coli Gram -, anaerobic, rod shaped Which of the following statements is not true regarding Clostridium difficile ? It produces "rice- water" stools ____ causes 80% of UTI E.coli Treatment of UTI can allow overgrowth of C. albicans overgrowth of C.albicans can cause vaginitis The causative agent of syphilis Treponema pallidum - Tuskegee study Syphilis stages of disease - primary - secondary - tertiary Which of the following is true of syphilis - has three stages - tuskegee experiment - caused by spirochete bacterium - can cause congenital deformities Explain whether there is a greater risk for E.coli O157:H7 infection when consuming a hamburger compared to consuming a steak. Can food poisoning still occur after consuming a reheated pot of soup known to be contaminated with S.auerus. Why or why not. E.coli is a gram negative bacteria that is commonly found in the intestines. E.coli O157: H7 is a strain of E.coli that causes diarrhea. E.coli usually exists on the surface of whole cut meats, it is much easier to kill this bacteria on whole cut meat rather than ground beef. S. Aureus is a gram positive pathogen known to cause infection. When food is initially cooked it should be killed off like E.coli. But there is potential for the food to be contaminated after it cools down. The pathogen has potential to produce heat resistant enterotoxins that are able to survive in the heating process Differentiate between components of first and second line of defense. List 3 components of each line along with details on their mechanism First LOD - nonspecific -physical and chemical barriers -a surface of protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers hat keeps microbes from penetrating sterile body components Second LOD: - nonspecific - phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, anti microbial proteins - a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defense Explain the process of inflammation- the four cardinal signs and the mechanism. What are the two most common mediators of inflammation and their role in the process. Rubor- redness Calor- warmth Tumor- swelling Dolor- pain Histamine Mast cells: involved with allergic and inflammatory reaction Cytokines: materials secreted by immune system