EXAM 1 BIOS 242- CHAMBERLAIN ALREADY PASSED

EXAM 1 BIOS 242- CHAMBERLAIN ALREADY PASSED DNA is replicated in the ___ nucleus RNA is replicated in the ___ cytoplasm what is the first step in viral replication? penetration/adhesion (attaches to membrane using spikes) what is the second step in viral replication? uncoating what is the third step in viral replication? replication what is the fourth step in viral replication? assembly what is the fifth step in viral replication? maturation what is the sixth step in viral replication? release (release the protein that has the viral components so it infects more cells) what are the four types of archaea? methanogens, hyperthemophile, psychrophile, halophiles what are characteristics of a methanogen? CO2 with methane where are methanogens found? swamps, landfill what are characteristics of a hyperthermophile? loves high temperature where are hyperthermophiles found? volcano what are characteristics of a psychrophile? survives in cold temperatures where are psychrophiles found? ice caps what are characteristics of a halophile? survives in salt environments where are halophiles found? salt lake This type of archaea live in swamps and marshes and produce methane, what is it? methanogen This type of archaea requires hot, acidic environments hyperthemophile during a gram stain, the presence of ____ gives a purple stain peptidolgycan why is gram negative bacteria pink? outer membrane is weakened what do gram negative bacteria have porin proteins, lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer. what do gram positive bacteria have lipoteichoic acid with thick peptidoglycan cell wall what are the four different types of structures microorganisms can use for movement, adherence, or mating? fimbriae, pilus, flagella, and cilia what is fimbriae used for? adhesion what is pilus used for? mating/conjugation what is flagella used for? movement what is cilia used for? movement what are the benefits about fungi? used for antibiotics, food products such as yeast and alcohol, and decomposition which puts nutrients back into environment what are the bad things about fungi? contamination what are the characteristics of fungi? dimorphic, eukaryotes, have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack organelles? prokaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nucleus? eukaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of animals, plants, fungi, and protists? eukaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes consist of bacteria and archaea? prokaryotes are prokaryotes or eukaryotes unicellular? prokaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have ribosomes? both are prokaryotes or eukaryotes multicellular? eukaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes use asexual reproduction? prokaryotes do prokaryotes or eukaryotes use sexual reproduction? eukaryotes who invented penicillin? Alexander Fleming what is Koch's first postulate? the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. what is Koch's second postulate? the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. what is Koch's third postulate? the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. what is Koch's fourth postulate? the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. what is agar used for? it creates a solid surface for bacterial growth explain Louis Pasteur's experiment used swan neck flask to not let pathogens from the air get into it Used heat to kill pathogens, broke the neck off one flask which let microbes from the air in found that the flask that was broken contained microbes while the swan neck flask did not how did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation? because the flask with the swan neck was sterile and the broken neck had microbes in it meaning that microbes do not randomly spawn what are characteristics of viruses? - lack cells - non-living - RNA & DNA core - core is surrounded by protein coat - coat can be surrounded by envelope of lipids - replicate only within a living host what are the two types viruses can be? naked and enveloped what is an enveloped virus? A virus that contain the nucleocapsid and a lipid based envelope what are the four different techniques of DNA recombination/horizontal transfer? conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons what type of mutation leads to a frameshift in your sequence? insertion/deletion can a nonsense mutation lead to a frameshift? why? no, up until the stop codon it is the same can mycobacterium be stained using the gram stain procedure? why? no, needs mycolic acid what are the four types of viruses? bacteriophage, viroids, prions, virions what is a bacteriophage? viruses that infects bacteria what is a viroid? virus that infect plants smaller than average virus what is a prion? misfolded protein in the brain what is a virion? entire virus particle consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and inner core of nucleic acid what is the type of virus that is outside in the environment? virion if a virus attached to a host cell and takes over and causes an infection and the host goes to the doctor to get meds, should the doctor prescribe meds against a viral infection? why? no, antibiotics do not work against viruses. it will cause them to mutate and grow stronger if the host decided to get treatment against the virus and got better after 7-10 days, but two weeks after they got sick again, what type of infection is it? chronic latent what is a chronic latent infection? periodic activation after a period of viral inactivity what is the chemical composition of prions? only composed of protein what is the chemical composition of viroids? composed of only naked strands of RNA who was Ignaz Semmelweis? An OB doctor who realized hand washing was directly related to prevention of childbed fever after doctors worked in autospy rooms and then went and worked in maternity rooms who found proper sterilization technqiues? Ignaz Semmelweis if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a chemical stimulus, what kind of movement is that? chemotaxis if you have a microorganism that moves in response to a light stimulus, what kind of movement is that? phototaxis Robert Koch laid the foundation for ___ immunology what are the six branches of microbiology? medical, public health, immunology, industrial, agricultural, environmental what does medical microbiology deal with? microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals what does public health microbiology and epidemiology deal with? monitor/controls health and spread of diseases in communities what does immunology study? complex web of protective substances and cells in response to infection vaccines, blood testing, and allergies are all a part of which branch of microbiology? immunology what does industrial microbiology deal with? safeguards our food and water what does agricultural microbiology deal with? relationship between microbes and domesticated plants/animals what does environmental microbiology deal with? effect of microbes on earths habitats what is the composition of archaea? lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus genetic material is present in cytoplasm as nucleotides extracellular state of a virus is called a ___ virion intracellular state of a virus is called a ____ virus a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is a ___ virion ____ is any transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms horizontal ___ transfer is when DNA comes from parents vertical what do transposable elements have the ability to do? shift from one part of the genome to another what to transposable elements contain? genes that code for antibiotic resistance or toxin production which type of bacteria lack cell walls? mycoplasms what are lipopolysaccharides? gram negative bacteria found on the outer membrane what can infections from gram negative bacteria on lipopolysaccharides results in? why? septic shock, they form endotoxin which causes severe shock and fever what did Joseph Lister do? advance idea of antisepsis in healthcare setting with use of phenol Joseph Lister was the first to utilize what? hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals Ignaz Semmelweis required medical students to ? wash their hands in chlorinated lime water to protect against puerperal fever what did Robert Koch do? linked a specific microorganism with a specific diease who discovered the causative agent for anthrax? Robert Koch what is the composition of DNA? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base what is the structure of DNA? double stranded helix formed by two polynucleotides what are the bases of DNA? adenine --> thymine guanine --> cytosine what are the five I's? 1. Inoculation 2. Incubation 3. Isolation 4. Inspection 5. Identification central dogma of biology DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein ______ is a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures acid fastness acid fast bacteria stain __ pink nonacid fast bacteria stain ___ blue acid fast stain identifies microorganisms of the genus ___ Mycobacteria acid fast stains contain __ myolic acid mycolic acid makes bacteria resistant to ___ chemicals/dyes acid fast bacteria are gram __ positive gram positive bacteria contain 2 layers which are cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane gram negative bacteria consists of three layers which are outermembrane, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane gram ____ bacteria contain lipoteichoic acid positive gram ___ bacteria contain lopopolysaccharides and porin proteins negative what is the composition of mycobacterium gram positive, contain peptidolgycan but the bulk of the cell wall is composed of mycolic acid what are the steps of a gram stain? crystal violet, Gram's iodine, alcohol, safranin what is the function of cilia? feeding and filtering structures on some cells what are the two shapes of fungi? yeast and hyphae what is a saprobe? fungi that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter. true or false: fungi can do photosynthesis false true or false: all fungi are heterotrophic true what are the two main groups of organisms that are characterized as protists? algae and protozoa what is a protist? any eukaryotic unicellular that lacks true tissues viruses that only consist of a nucleocapsid are called ___ naked viruses viruses that are composed of a nucleocapsid surrounded by a flexible membrane is called ___ enveloped viruses what do the spikes on viruses allow them to do? allow them to attach to their host cells what is a point mutation? mutation that leads to a change in a single base pair what is an example of point mutation? addition, deletion, substitution what is a missense mutation? any change in the code that leads to the placement of a different amino acid what is a nonsense mutation? changes a normal codon into a stop codon that doesnt code for an amino acid stops production of protein what is a silent mutation? alters a base but does not change the amino acid no effect what is a frameshift mutation? one or more bases are inserted into or deleted, changing the amino acids downstream what is gene therapy? repair of a faulty gene in humans suffering from fatal or debilitating disease what is the benefit of gene therapy? permanent cure of the physical dysfunction by repairing the genetic defect what is a genome? The entire set of genetic material in an organism what is a persistent infection? slow release of virus without cell death what is a provirus? a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell