MIP 300 Exam 4 2023/2024 updated to pass

MIP 300 Exam 4Horizontal gene transfer - correct answer The sharing of genes between different bacterial strains and species through multiple different mechanisms Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for ____________ than even spontaneous mutations - correct answer More genetic diversity Recombination - correct answer Any genes from one cell passed to a recipient, DNA combined with recipient DNA forming a new hybrid DNA 3 mechanisms of prokaryotic horizontal gene transfer, 3 ways prokaryotes pick up exogenous DNA - correct answer 1) Transformation - direct uptake 2) Transduction - Viral injection 3) Conjugation - Direct contact Significance of horizontal gene transfer - correct answer Increases genetic diversity of organisms even more than mutations, increases adaptability in changing environmental conditions Transformation - correct answer DNA fragments taken up by recipient cell, combines with host chromosome (homologous recombination), ssDNA aligns with similar sequence on chromosome and replaces it Competent - correct answer Cells with natural membrane proteins that are capable of taking up exogenous DNA or cells with physically altered leaky membranes capable of taking up exogenous DNA Stable inheritance - correct answer The retention of an exogenous gene for up to 3 generations Griffith experiment description - correct answer R and S strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, S strain causes mouse to die, R strain no effect, heated and killed S strain no effect, heated and killed S strain mixed with live R strain, mouse dies, species pulled out of mouse was S Avery Macleod and McCarty experiment description - correct answer Treated S filtrate in R strain with protease, mouse still died, treated with RNase, still died, treated with DNase, mouse lived, indicating DNA was the thing transferred 3 Fates of exogenous DNA in a cell - correct answer 1) Degradation 2) Integration 3) Replication (if has ori, for example a plasmid) If exogenous DNA is not integrated or a plasmid or has ori, the trait will... - correct answer Be lost to the generations over time Bacterial plasmids/replicon - correct answer Small, double stranded circular pieces of independently replicating DNA, not essential for survival but can be supportive, most transferred through conjugation Episomes - correct answer A characteristic of some plasmids that can integrate into the bacterial chromosome Conjugative plasmid - correct answer Plasmid that carries genes for conjugation (pilli and sex pilli genes) Fertility (F) plasmid - correct answer Plasmids that are conjugative and act as episomes Resistance (R) plasmid - correct answer Plasmids that carry genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and are often conjugative, contain resistance gene and resistance transfer factor gene (allow for successful transfer) Example of an R plasmid - correct answer Efflux pump coding plasmid Col plasmid - correct answer Plasmids that contain genes to produce bacteriocin, killing other bacteria Virulence plasmid - correct answer Plasmids that contain genes to increase virulence or pathogenicity, coding for toxins, invasiveness, resistance to immune system, etc.