MIP- Vaccinations question n answers graded A+ latest update 2023/2024

MIP- Vaccinationsvaccination - correct answer goal is to provide people with immunological memory of a pathogen without having to be infected and suffer the disease it causes CCR7 - correct answer expressed by central memory cells in lymph nodes but not by effector memory cells that patrol in tissue magnitude quality - correct answer upon secondary exposure (first encounter with pathogen post-vaccination), the increased availability of memory cells leads to a response of greater _____ and higher _______ secondary primary - correct answer initial exposure to a pathogen elicits the ______ response in a vaccinated patient and the ______ response in an unvaccinated patient booster - correct answer often required in order for antibodies and memory cells to clear infection before clinical symptoms occur Rotateq - correct answer rotavirus vaccine that contains a mixture of 5 live bovine rotaviruses that are nonpathogenic in human; genetically engineered to express human rotavirus proteins that elicit neutralizing antibodies (VP7 and VP4 proteins) rotarix - correct answer rotavirus vaccine that is made of one live attenuated human rotavirus. during viral replication in vitro, mutations that reduce pathogenicity can accidentally be introduced into the viral genome herd immunity - correct answer indirectly protects the few who have not been vaccinated; low probability that the pathogen will find a susceptible host and spread within the population because all the adults and the majority of children are immunized live-attenuated - correct answer vaccines that are human viruses that have been weakened by passaging in animal cells; virus undergoes mutations to better adapt to animal cells and can no longer grow well in human cells and is therefore no longer pathogenic in humans live-attenuated - correct answer advantages of this type of vaccine: - ability to replicate increases antigen dosage which stimulates stronger immune responses and memory cell formation -induce innate inflammatory response, which promote adaptive immune response - generate antibodies that better recognize the native structures on the surface of the pathogen live-attenuated - correct answer disadvantages of this type of vaccine: - unsafe in immune-compromised individuals - need careful handling during manufacture - require refrigeration to maintain stability - can inadvertently cause disease if the attenuated microbe reverts to a pathogenic form OPV - correct answer live attenuated vaccine to polio that induces IgA in the intestine (primary site of virus entry and replication) and IgG antibodies in the blood (preventing poliovirus dissemination to the nervous system) problem is that in extremely rare cases, strain 3 reverts to wild type, causing paralysis of the immunized subject IPV - correct answer only polio virus now used in the US: induces IgG antibodies in the blood which prevent poliovirus dissemination to the CNS but there is no immunity generated in the GI tract and the virus can therefore still multiply in the intestine and be shed as infections virus is stools whole-inactivated - correct answer vaccine in which whole viral particles or bacteria have been killed by heating or by treatment with chemicals. the nucleic acid is destroyed so there are no live components whole-inactivated - correct answer advantage of this type of vaccine: - safe - have immune-promoting properties because microbial PAMPs are usually present