NAVLE TEST ALL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

NAVLE TEST ALL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Treatment of Stringhalt - ANSWER- Tenectomy of the *lateral extensor tendon* Which toxin causes SLUD signs in horses: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, bradycardia - ANSWER- -Organophosphates: used in insecticides -Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing accumulation of ACh at postsynaptic receptors -Tx: atropine, but the antidote is *pralidoxime* chloride Plants that lead to cyanide poisoning - ANSWER- *Chokecherry* (Prunus sp) *Hydrangea* *Johnson grass* (Sorghum) Tx: sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate Poisonous nitrate-accumulating plants (ruminants) - ANSWER- -*Pigweed, Nightshades (Solanum), Sorghum* -Methemoglobinemia: *chocolate colored blood* -Muddy MM, tremors, dyspnea, convulsions -Tx: methylene blue Cardiotoxic plants - ANSWER- -*Milkweed*: cardiac glycoside, *acute death* -*Oleander*: contains cardiac glycosides & oleandrin -Foxglove (*Digitalis purpurea*)- contains cardiac glycosides, increase contractility & decrease HR -*Lily-of-the-valley* (Convallaria majalis): Contains >20 cardiac glycosides, digitalis-like action -*Yew*: contains taxine alkaloids A & B, inhibit cardiac depolarization -*Azalea* (Rhododendron)- contains andromedotoxins, bind membrane Na+ channels, similar to digitalis Plants that causes primary photosensitization - ANSWER- -St. John's wort (*Hypericum* perforatum) -Buckwheat -Ryegrass -Whiteheads Plants that causes secondary photosensitization (impaired hepatic function reduces excretion of plant pigments) - ANSWER- -Blue-green algae -Brassica sp. -Groundsel (Senecio sp) -Crotalaria sp -Amsinckia intermedia (aka fiddleneck, fireweed, tarweed): contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids This toxin can cause reproductive failure in horses - ANSWER- Fescue Most common bacterial pathogen of fish: furunculosis of salmonids, goldfish ulcer disease, carp erythrodermatitis, & trout ulcer disease - ANSWER- Aeromonas salmonicida Effects of Yellow Starthistle in horses - ANSWER- -Tremor of the lips and tongue -*Nigropallidal encephalomalacia*: marked dystonia of the facial muscles -Unable to prehend feed How can you determine a bitch's fertile period? - ANSWER- -4-7 days after LH peak -2-5 days after ovulation How can you predict a bitch's whelping date? - ANSWER- -65 days after LH peak -63 days after ovulation -57 days after 1st day of diestrus Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in dogs - ANSWER- -U/S at 20 days, mineralized > 45 days -Palpation starting at day 25-45 -*Relaxin* assay starting at day 25 (FP with early embryonic death)- only hormone strictly associated with pregnancy -Radiographs starting at 45 days Gullian-Barre syndrome is an acute demyelinating polyneuropathy of humans that has been associated with a foodborne illness & which agent? - ANSWER- Campylobacter jejuni Undercooked chicken & raw milk Clinical signs of cauda equina neuritis - ANSWER- -LMN signs, paresis, paralysis -Chewing the tail head -Hypotonic anus, fecal retention, urinary incontinence (urine scalding of thighs) -Hindlimb ataxia. Causative agent of *turkey* coryza - ANSWER- Bordetella avium- nasal discharge, foamy eyes, and cough Red clotted blood in the intestines of pigs at necropsy are pathognomonic for which condition? - ANSWER- -Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy -Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis Reversal drugs - ANSWER- -Atipamezole reverses Medetomidine (alpha-2 agonist) -Yohimbine reverses Xylazine (alpha-2 agonist) -2-pralidoxime (2PAM) reverses cholinesterase inhibitors -Flumazenil reverses benzodiazepines -Naloxone reverses opioids What disease does IV sodium Iodide treat? - ANSWER- -Controversial treatment of lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis) -Concerns that iodide may cause abortion -Contraindicated in pregnant or lactating cattle: food safety concerns When is anestrus typically in horses? - ANSWER- Winter Familial Shar Pei Fever - ANSWER- -High fever and tarsal swelling -May have normal synovial fluid cytology -Predisposed to *amyoloidosis*, resulting in *proteinuria* Which plants causes calves to be born with with cleft palates, arthrogryposis, and crooked spines? - ANSWER- Lupine Symmetrical ataxia, urine dribbling, xanthrochromia in a horse - ANSWER- Equine herpesvirus What causes *Fowl plague*: greenish diarrhea, cyanosis, edema of the head, blood tinged oral and nasal discharge? - ANSWER- Avian Influenza virus Which deficiency can lead to weak hind limbs, incoordination, head tilt, and increased middle ear infections in sw