NAVLE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST |AGRADE

NAVLE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST |AGRADE Xylitol toxicity - ANSWER- - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA - high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle Bleach toxicity - ANSWER- - dilute stomach w/ MILK - DO NOT induce emesis - GI protectants Black widow spiders - ANSWER- - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus - ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves - signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms - death from resp/cardio failure Warfarin toxicity - ANSWER- - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X - signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion - give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses (nephrotoxic; only plasma) - most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity - spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets - platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC - diagnosis = PIVKA Brodifacoum toxicity - ANSWER- - D-con rodenticide - inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K) - give vit. K and monitor PT Bromethalin toxicity - ANSWER- - seizures - low dose = paralysis - high dose = convulsions Cholecalciferol toxicity - ANSWER- - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption - can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization - tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)), prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity) - DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity - human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P! Strychnine toxicity - ANSWER- tetanic seizures Zinc oxide - ANSWER- - gas - decontaminate = don't breathe in! Ethylene glycol - ANSWER- - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic) - crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time - stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic acidosis) - stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea - stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz - dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia - tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepazole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON CATS; ethanol competes Organophosphate toxicity - ANSWER- - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs - DUMBSLED - tx = atropine or 2-PAM - DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine Fleet enema toxicity - ANSWER- - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium - hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia - hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures - tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyperkalemic) Strychnine (snail bait) toxicity - ANSWER- - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractility in spinal cord and brainstem - affects striated muscle - tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation Chocolate toxicity - ANSWER- - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) - CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR and BP - tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine - enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluid