APES Unit 2 question and answers graded A+ 2023/2024

APES Unit 2 Adaptation - correct answer the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment; explained by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection Evolution - correct answer A trait must be inherited (genetic) for it to evolve; individuals with traits that make them suited to a particular environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate in that environment than individuals with less suitable traits. Natural Selection - correct answer The process of better-selected individuals passing their traits to the next generation Mutations - correct answer changes in DNA coding sequence that occur by chance Environmental Factors on where Organisms can Live - correct answer 1) Physiological stress (temperature, pH) 2) Competition 3) Predation, parasitism, disease 4) Luck - move to a new and suitable location by chance Critical Factor in Species Distribution - correct answer the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand Tolerance Limits - correct answer Minimum and maximum limits for environmental factors beyond a particular species can survive or unable to reproduce What are useful indicators for specific environmental characteristics? - correct answer Species requirements and tolerances (trout need cool, clean, well oxygenated water, so there disappearance of trout, one of these factors may of changed) Habitat - correct answer the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives Ecological Niche - correct answer describes either the role played by a species in a biological community or the total set of environmental factors that determine a species distribution Generalist - correct answer a ecological niche; has a broad niche (brown rat) Specialist - correct answer a ecological niche; has a narrow niche (giant panda) Principle of Competitive Exclusion - correct answer no two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time, the one that is more efficient at using resources will exclude the other Resource Partitioning - correct answer species co-exist in a habitat by utilizing different parts of a single resource Examples of Resource Partitioning - correct answer Both rodents and ants compete for seeds, but ants tend to consume smaller-sized seeds than rodents. Swallows eat insects during the day and bats eat insects at night. Speciation - correct answer development of a new species Geographic Isolation - correct answer isolation between populations due to physical barriers Allopatric Speciation - correct answer the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation; since the new population can no longer share genes, they evolve independently Sympartic Speciation - correct answer organisms continue to live in the same place but become isolated by some other means (some fern species doubled the number of chromosomes they have. This prevents them from breeding with the population from which they originally came and effectively created a new species.) Directional Selection - correct answer the shift toward one extreme of a trait