CSET Multiple Subjects: Subtest 1a, Domain 1 Questions and Answers Graded A+

CSET Multiple Subjects: Subtest 1a, Domain 1 Questions and Answers Graded A+ Stages of Reading Development -The emergent reader -The beginning reader -The fluent reader -The remedial reader The Emergent Reader: Age Early childhood to pre-K (pre-alphabetic) The Emergent Reader: Developmental Expectation -Beginning of awareness that text progresses from left to right -Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual clues in environmental print, such as letters in their names The Emergent Reader: Reading Instruction Begin phonemic awareness: -Help to recognize print in environment -Help to make predictions in stories -Observe pretending to read -Help to recognize letter shapes The Beginning Reader: Age K to 2nd/3rd grade (alphabetic) The Beginning Reader: Developmental Expectation -Letters are associated with sounds -Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin) -They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first and last consonant: for example, CT for cat -When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable -Children now rhyme and blend words -When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks," or phonograms. The Beginning Reader: Reading Instruction Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding -Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling -Text comprehension -Listening and writing The Fluent Reader: Age 4th to 8th grade (orthographic) The Fluent Reader: Developmental Expectation -Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words -Decoding becomes fluent -Reading, accuracy and speed are stressed The Fluent Reader: Reading Instruction Systematic and explicit instruction, including: -Word-attack skills (multisyllabic words) -Decoding -Spelling and vocabulary -Fluency -Text comprehension (context skills) -Utilizing metacognition The Remedial Reader: Age 3rd to 8th grade (students who do not demonstrate competency) The Remedial Reader: Developmental Expectation -The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom -Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers The Remedial Reader: Reading Instruction Includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" and emphasizing: -Assessment of identified reading weaknesses -Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis -Linking instruction to prior knowledge -Increasing