CSET: Physical Education (I) Questions and Answers Rated A+

CSET: Physical Education (I) Questions and Answers Rated A+ Name 6 individual motor and physical fitness variables -agility -balance -coordination -flexibility -speed -strength What are the 3 kinds of body type (somatype) and how do they affect motor performance? -endomorphs: large, strong but slow -mesomorphs: muscular, fast and agile -ectomorphs: skinny, lack power and strength, endurance What are the components of perceptual-motor development and how do they affect performance? students need to interpret stimuli/cues in order to coordinate movements -visual -auditory -tactile -kinesthetic: awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body What physical changes occur in a child aged 3-5 and what impact on motor performance does it have? -boys tend to be stronger -lack fine motor skills -can't focus on small objects for long -girls tend to be better coordinated What physical changes occur in a child aged 9-11 and what impact on motor performance does it have? -stronger, leaner, taller -improved motor skills -able to focus for longer periods -at risk for obesity What physical changes occur in a child aged 12-14 and what impact on motor performance does it have? -drastic physical growth -highly preoccupied with physical appearance What physical changes occur in a child aged 15-17 and what impact on motor performance does it have? -girls reach full height -boys still have some growing to go -risk of pregnancy and STDs Explain the skill acquisition concept of practice without practice and instruction, natural ability and talent dictates the extent of motor skill development Explain the skill acquisition concept of feedback -positive feedback works as a motivator -negative feedback helps an athlete become conscious mistakes Explain the skill acquisition concept of readiness students must be physically and psychologically ready to learn physical activities Explain the skill acquisition concept of retention learned skills go from short-term memory to long-term with the aid of positive feedback Explain the skill acquisition concept of observational learning visual seeing proper skill performance is generally more effective than receiving verbal instructions What is the purpose of motor task analysis? allows instructors to identify student strengths and weaknesses, then select appropriate motor tasks Name some tests that measure general motor ability -AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test -AAHPERD Health Related Physical Fitness Test -McCloy's General Motor Ability and capacity Test -Iowa Brace Test -Texas PE Test Name some influences that affect a student's motor development and fitness level -Cultural: dress codes, inter gender situations -Economic: paying for equipment, uniforms, food -Environmental: poor habits, living conditions, disability -Familial: degree to which caregivers and siblings are athletically inclined or attitude towards physical activity -Psychological: own mental wellness, perception of fitness activities, level of comfort -Societal: rising level of obesity, prevalence of personal entertainment devices Name some types of gross motor skills dysfunctions -Poor awareness of body location and position -Poor sense of movement -Erroneous visual-spatial perception and processing: difficult to judge trajectories in activities such as throwing and catching. Frequent failure in verbal-motor integration: not accurately translate verbal instructions into desired actions -Deficient motor planning: can not adequately plan his or her motor strategies to accomplish a given task -Weak muscle coordination -Lack of motor memory -Weak muscle tone: poor control of muscles -Inadequate monitoring of actions: while performing an action, can not evaluate the continuous action of his or her muscle groups What is cerebral palsy? -a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills (the ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way) -usually caused by brain damage that occurs before or during a child's birth What is down syndrome? -condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically -Low muscle tone (called hypotonia) is also characteristic -also many have vision and hearing problems as well What is the main function of the muscular system? Movement...but How? -muscles are attached to bones by tendons -muscles are stimulated by nerves -muscles move the bones by converting chemical energy into contractions What are the 3 types of muscle? -skeletal: attached to bones; muscles a person controls voluntarily -cardiac: found in the heart; pump blood -smooth: found in organs; involuntary muscles that take care of internal functions Describe the skeletal system -axial: bones of the skull, spine, ribs, sternum -appendicular: bones of the legs, arms, shoulder, pelvis What are the parts of the bone? -compact bone: gives strength -spongy bone: contains red marrow to make blood cells -yellow marrow in center: to store fat cells -periosteum: protective outer covering What is a joint? -where two bones meet -joints enable movement Describe synovial joints? -most common in body; highly moveable -a capsule surrounds joint providing lubrication -6 types What are ligaments? -attach one bone in a joint to another -unlike muscles, can't contract -support the joints by absorbing some of the tension of movement What are the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each? -ball and socket: shoulder, hip -ellipsoid (condyloid): wrist -gliding: intercarpal joints -hinge: elbow, knee -pivot: neck, spine/pelvis -saddle: thumb Name the major muscle groups in the body -shoulder: deltoids -chest: pectoralis major -back: latissimus dorsi -waist: rectus abdominis -arms: biceps brachii, triceps brachii -legs: gluteus maximus, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius (calves) Describe the nervous system -responsible for the body's response to environmental stimuli -CNS (central nervous system): brain and spinal cord -PNS (peripheral nervous system: rest of body/organs responsible for regulating body -Somatic system: responsible for moving skeletal muscles Which energy systems are used during physical activity? 3 sec. = muscle uses ATP floating around 8 to 10 sec. = phosphagen system provides energy if exercise continues = glycogen-lactic acid system kicks in longer = aerobic respiration takes over What are the components of nutrition? -carbohydrates: main source of energy (glucose) -proteins: for growth, development, cellular function -fats: concentrated source of energy -vitamins & minerals: organic substances for proper functioning -water: essential for most bodily functions What are the health related components of physical fitness? -cardiovascular endurance: ability to sustain aerobic activities -muscle strength: ability for muscles to contract and support a given weight -muscle endurance: ability of muscles to contract continually over a period of time -flexibility: range of motion around a joint or muscle -body composition: body fat percentage and ration of body fat to muscle Describe physical fitness testing Instructors can test the following and compare results to norms: -cardio-respiratory endurance: 1.4 Mile Run/Walk -muscle endurance: sit ups, push ups, pull ups, etc -body composition: skin fold measurement, body mass index -agility: Illinois Agility Run -power: vertical jump -speed: 50 yd dash -coordination: Stick Test Describe design of physical fitness programs -results from fitness assessment used to determine areas of improvement -short term goals established -program to meet goals developed -program includes: mode, frequency, intensity, time, and progression -record progress -evaluate progress, make any necessary modifications to program Explain the effects of exercise on muscles With regular exercise: -greater capacity for aerobic metabolism develops -muscle fibers enlarge -the amount of blood that circulates increases Explain the effects of exercise on the heart With regular exercise: -ability of the heart to pump blood improves -ability to exercise at maximum heart rate lengthens -blood pressure is decreased Explain the training principle of overload exercising at an above normal level to improve physical capacity Explain the training principle of specificity overloading a specific component of fitness Explain the training principle of progression once the body adapts to the original load/stress, a continual increase in load is necessary for further improvement Explain the training principle of reversibility of training all gains are lost with the discontinuance of training What is FIT and how does it apply to modifying overload? FIT = frequency, intensity, time -frequency: number of times/days of training -intensity: amount of stress placed on body -time: duration of each training session