CSET English Subtest 2 Latest Update with Certified Solutions

CSET English Subtest 2 Latest Update with Certified Solutions overt inflectional ending adding an s to change something to present tense third person. doesnt change whether its a noun or verb etc Pidgin A simplified contact language made up of two or more languages pragmatics Fcous on language as a tool for communication. It looks at how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts or for different purposes Morphology Branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure and forms of words. It is concerned with the rules for use of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in a language The great vowel shift Pronunciation of the long vowels in the english language slowly changed. spelling no longer correlated with pronunciation. 15th century phoneme smallest unit of speech sound. Throat has 4. th r oa t Chomsky's theory of universal grammar children can use pretty good grammar without knowing the rules. innate capacity of children to learn language fast decoding The ability to translate the symbols of letters and words into meaningful information Hypercorrection When a person who has been corrected for a mistake in usage makes further mistakes in trying to avoid the original error Acquisition system Krashen's research. ___ system is the most important and depends on natural meaningful communication in the target language Old english or anglo saxon Language developed from the germanic dialects spoken by tribes migrating from northern europe about 500CE Etymology word origin Pragmatic competence The ability to understand the true meaning or insinuated meaning of an utterance or passage of writing borrowing When a speaker switches to his or her first language to use words or phrases for which he or she doesnt know an equivalent in the second language. Result could be spanglish Negative transfer When a speaker uses skills from a previously learned behavior or topic but applies it incorrectly to a new one. ex: changing take to taked because of fake to faked noncount noun a noun that cannot be divided into parts such as "The furniture" Cohesion alalysis A method of analyzing how the parts of a work come together to create the overall effect or convey the message Semantics Deals with word meanings, sentence meanings, and contextual understanding for oral/written communication Affective filter old middle modern Three periods of english language northumbrian mercian west saxon kentish four major dialects of old english beowulf oldest english preserved epic norman conquest of 1066 course of the english language changed to middle english because of. brought french influences statute of pleading 1362 ______ made english official language of legal proceedings in england 1476 when did book printing start dialect The variation of a language spoken by inhabitants of a particular geographical area Creolization when a pidginin language grows until it has native speakers like Creole which was a mix of african and french languages Linguistics The systematic study of language in order to find general principles and structures that link human languages. includes many subfields Syntax The composition of sentences Phonology The sound patterns of words and phrases Phonetics The actual properties of speech sounds and non speech sounds. The study of how speech sounds are made and understood Semantics The meaning of words Pragmatics Language usage in context Sociolinguistics language and society grammar morphology syntax and phonology are all part of Atomistic 1800s approach to language. labguage is a collection of speech sounds, words, and gramattical endings structuralist Early 20th century approach to linguistics. revolutionized by saussure. views language as a system where each element of sound and meaning is defined by its relation to other elements generative grammar chomsky's theory that people share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures which is why young children can learn language so easily. Universal grammar Chomsky's concept that is a set of principals that apply to all languages and are unconciously accessible to everyone. similarities due to common needs (such as for water) and common patterns of descent Transformational grammar languages have a shared deep structure and a variable surface structure Grapheme The equivalent of a phoneme but in written language. the letter opr number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound. Morpheme The smallest unit of meaning in a language Morphemic analysis recognize prefixes, roots, and suffixes to figure out a word meaning word family category of words built around the same part.. must mean similar thingd Borrowed words words imported from other langauges inflectional affix word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don't change the meaning of the word. ex. "s" "ed" derivational affix alter the meaning of the word by building on the base. ex: "anti" "ation" "ness" compound sentence Sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction aka fanboy complex sentence sentence with an independent clause and one or more dependent clause. has a subordinator like since, because, after, which, who pragmatic comeptence understanding the true meaning of a passage or utterance Othography The standardized system for writing words with the proper letters according to accepted rules of usage. includes spelling rules affective factors personal qualities like self esteem that help people learn language acquisition learning hypothesis Krashen's theory that there are two different systems for lerning language monitor hypothesis acquisition and learning are related witht he former being the initiator and the latter being the editor natural order hypothesis learning grammar structures always comes in a ___ ___ regardless of age of person learning and first langauge input hypothesis concerned with acquisition not learning. second language learner makes progress every time he he hears words over his competene in that language affective filter hypothesis affective variables like self esteem play a big role critical period childrens ability to learn langage peaks eary childhood Transfer When a speaker uses his or her seond language in a way that is semantically appropriate for the first langauage but not the second Semantic mappingq when a teacher solicits responses to a word or phrase through a process of brainstorming and free association Semantic feature analysis reading comp activity. students use chart to organize metacognition self awareness during the reading process clausal modifier A clause that acts like an adverb or adjetive and adds detail to the sentence. ADVERB CLAUSE the ballerina left the stage BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE ENDED verb complemenet the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb. juan considered starting a new job