Advanced World History

Advanced World History 2022 semester exam geography the study of Earth and its people archaeology the study of ancient people and the world that they lived in anthropology the holistic study of mankind prehistory the time before writing systems existed primary sources eyewitness historical item or accounts from a particular time period in the past secondary sources sources of information that were created after an event took place or after a person lived comparison it provides similarities and differences between 2 or more items or topics causation why events happen artifacts an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest Paleolithic the time period from the 1st homo sapiens (human) until farming begins (Old Stone Age) Neolithic the time period when farming began (The New Stone Age) nomads people who move from place to place in search of food, water and fresh pasture for their livestock animism the belief that all things are inhabited by spirits domesticate to take out of the wild, and bring under the control of humans collective knowledge knowledge that is acquired through experience and is passed on agrarian based on farming civilization a complex, highly organized society empire government over large territory and different groups of people irrigation the redirection of water to aid farming hierarchy a ranking of society polytheism the belief in many gods monotheism the belief in only 1 god ziggurat the center of city life, and it was also a holy site. the sumerians believed that when their gods came down to visit them, he would stay there cuneiform a system of writing invented by the sumerieans that used wedge-shaped marks. each mark stood for a group of sounds in words colony a farther away territory needed for resources and supplies phonetic alphabet the alphabet invented by the Phoenicians, with a series of letters. each letter was based on a single sound. their alphabet had 22 letter, and all of them were consonants delta a triangular area where a major river divides into several smaller parts that usually flow into a larger body of water dynasty a series of rulers from the same family pharaoh a ruler in ancient Egypt. the proper title for Egyptian kings. the pharaoh headed the government and the army, set laws, and oversaw religious practices. Egyptians believed that when their pharaoh was sitting on the throne holding the symbols of power, he or she became a god on earth vizier appointed by the pharaoh, and often belonged to the pharaoh's family. their main duty was to supervise the running of the country. they also had to record trade and to keep records of the taxes collected mummification an old-fashioned method of preparing a dead body so that is doesn't decay hieroglyphics a system of writing created by the Egyptians, in hieroglyphics, pictures and symbols stand for whole words, syllables, or single sounds papyrus a reed that grew in the swamps along the Nile. the Egyptians peeled it into long strips and laid the trips together peninsula land that is almost completely surrounded by water dark age a time when learning and discovery are not valued, and knowledge is kept hidden polis/city-state a Greek city that functions much like an independent country agora a central, large open-air market acropolis a fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city. in Greek, it means a high city-state monarchy a form of government with a monarch at the head oligarchy a small group of people that exercise political control democracy a system of government that is governed by the whole population or all of the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives phalanx a body of troops or police officers standing or moving in close formation helot a slave that Sparta took from the larger city-states of Messenia. there were 7 helots for every spartan, and they tried to revolt multiple times hoplites a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece trireme an ancient Greek war galley with 3 banks of oars tragedy when the main character(s) in a play has a bad ending. one of the 2 most important types of plays in ancient Greece comedy a type of play with a happy ending. sometimes these types of plays had jokes and/or songs in them. on of the 2 most important types of plays in ancient Greece philosophy the study of ideas Hellenistic period the time period stretching from after Alexander the Great died (323 bce) to the beginning of the Roman Empire (27 bce) Vedas the earliest religious texts of Hinduism. it tells us what we know about the Aryans. a collection of hymns and poems. the Sanskrit word for knowledge caste a rigid and hereditary social class. in India, the Hindu social classes into which a person is born. you may not move up or down in the caste system reincarnation a cycle of rebirth karma accounting for good and bad deeds Four Noble Truths 1. All life is suffering 2. The source of suffering is desire 3. To stop suffering, you must rid yourself of desire 4. (You can rid yourself of desire) By following the Eightfold Path Eightfold Path the prescription of how to end desire edict formal statements or commands given from someone in power