,Pedagogical Color Chart
Mechanics
Displacement and Linear (p) and
position vectors angular (L)
momentum vectors
Linear (v) and angular (v)
Torque vectors ( t )
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors Linear or rotational
motion directions
Force vectors (F)
Force component vectors Springs
Acceleration vectors (a) Pulleys
Acceleration component vectors
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric fields Capacitors
Magnetic fields Inductors (coils)
Positive charges + Voltmeters V
Negative charges – Ammeters A
Resistors AC Sources
Batteries and other
DC power supplies – + Ground symbol
Switches Current
Light and Optics
Light rays Objects
Lenses and prisms Images
Mirrors
,Some Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Valuea
Atomic mass unit u 1.660 538 86 (28) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
931.494 043 (80) MeV/c 2
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 141 5 (10) ⫻ 1023 particles/mol
eប
Bohr magneton mB ⫽ 9.274 009 49 (80) ⫻ 10⫺24 J/T
2m e
ប2
Bohr radius a0 ⫽ 5.291 772 108 (18) ⫻ 10⫺11 m
me e 2ke
R
Boltzmann’s constant kB ⫽ 1.380 650 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺23 J/K
NA
h
Compton wavelength lC ⫽ 2.426 310 238 (16) ⫻ 10⫺12 m
mec
1
Coulomb constant ke ⫽ 8.987 551 788 . . . ⫻ 109 N ⭈m2/C2 (exact)
4pP0
Deuteron mass md 3.343 583 35 (57) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
2.013 553 212 70 (35) u
Electron mass me 9.109 382 6 (16) ⫻ 10⫺31 kg
5.485 799 094 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺4 u
0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 C
Gas constant R 8.314 472 (15) J/mol ⭈ K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 2 (10) ⫻ 10⫺11 N ⭈m2/kg2
2e
Josephson frequency –voltage ratio 4.835 978 79 (41) ⫻ 1014 Hz/V
h
h
Magnetic flux quantum ⌽0 ⫽ 2.067 833 72 (18) ⫻ 10⫺15 T ⭈m2
2e
Neutron mass mn 1.674 927 28 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.008 664 915 60 (55) u
939.565 360 (81) MeV/c 2
eប
Nuclear magneton mn ⫽ 5.050 783 43 (43) ⫻ 10⫺27 J/T
2m p
Permeability of free space m0 4p ⫻ 10⫺7 T ⭈m/A (exact)
1
Permittivity of free space P0 ⫽ 8.854 187 817 . . . ⫻ 10⫺12 C2/N ⭈m2 (exact)
m 0c 2
Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 3 (11) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
h
ប⫽ 1.054 571 68 (18) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
2p
Proton mass mp 1.672 621 71 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.007 276 466 88 (13) u
938.272 029 (80) MeV/c 2
Rydberg constant RH 1.097 373 156 852 5 (73) ⫻ 107 m⫺1
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 ⫻ 108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measure-
ments. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:
2002.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77:1, 2005.
a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
, Solar System Data
Mean Radius Distance from
Body Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.18 ⫻ 1023 2.43 ⫻ 106 7.60 ⫻ 106 5.79 ⫻ 1010
Venus 4.88 ⫻ 1024 6.06 ⫻ 106 1.94 ⫻ 107 1.08 ⫻ 1011
Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 6.37 ⫻ 106 3.156 ⫻ 107 1.496 ⫻ 1011
Mars 6.42 ⫻ 1023 3.37 ⫻ 106 5.94 ⫻ 107 2.28 ⫻ 1011
Jupiter 1.90 ⫻ 1027 6.99 ⫻ 107 3.74 ⫻ 108 7.78 ⫻ 1011
Saturn 5.68 ⫻ 1026 5.85 ⫻ 107 9.35 ⫻ 108 1.43 ⫻ 1012
Uranus 8.68 ⫻ 1025 2.33 ⫻ 107 2.64 ⫻ 109 2.87 ⫻ 1012
Neptune 1.03 ⫻ 1026 2.21 ⫻ 107 5.22 ⫻ 109 4.50 ⫻ 1012
Plutoa ⬇1.4 ⫻ 1022 ⬇1.5 ⫻ 106 7.82 ⫻ 109 5.91 ⫻ 1012
Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 1.74 ⫻ 106 — —
Sun 1.991 ⫻ 1030 6.96 ⫻ 108 — —
aIn August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight
planets. Pluto is now defined as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres).
Physical Data Often Used
Average Earth–Moon distance 3.84 ⫻ 108 m
Average Earth–Sun distance 1.496 ⫻ 1011 m
Average radius of the Earth 6.37 ⫻ 106 m
Density of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3
Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 ⫻ 103 kg/m3
Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s2
Mass of the Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 ⫻ 1030 kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1.013 ⫻ 105 Pa
Note: These values are the ones used in the text.
Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten
Power Prefix Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation
10⫺24 yocto y 101 deka da
10⫺21 zepto z 102 hecto h
10⫺18 atto a 103 kilo k
10⫺15 femto f 106 mega M
10⫺12 pico p 109 giga G
10⫺9 nano n 1012 tera T
10⫺6 micro m 1015 peta P
10⫺3 milli m 1018 exa E
10⫺2 centi c 1021 zetta Z
10⫺1 deci d 1024 yotta Y
Mechanics
Displacement and Linear (p) and
position vectors angular (L)
momentum vectors
Linear (v) and angular (v)
Torque vectors ( t )
velocity vectors
Velocity component vectors Linear or rotational
motion directions
Force vectors (F)
Force component vectors Springs
Acceleration vectors (a) Pulleys
Acceleration component vectors
Electricity and Magnetism
Electric fields Capacitors
Magnetic fields Inductors (coils)
Positive charges + Voltmeters V
Negative charges – Ammeters A
Resistors AC Sources
Batteries and other
DC power supplies – + Ground symbol
Switches Current
Light and Optics
Light rays Objects
Lenses and prisms Images
Mirrors
,Some Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol Valuea
Atomic mass unit u 1.660 538 86 (28) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
931.494 043 (80) MeV/c 2
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 141 5 (10) ⫻ 1023 particles/mol
eប
Bohr magneton mB ⫽ 9.274 009 49 (80) ⫻ 10⫺24 J/T
2m e
ប2
Bohr radius a0 ⫽ 5.291 772 108 (18) ⫻ 10⫺11 m
me e 2ke
R
Boltzmann’s constant kB ⫽ 1.380 650 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺23 J/K
NA
h
Compton wavelength lC ⫽ 2.426 310 238 (16) ⫻ 10⫺12 m
mec
1
Coulomb constant ke ⫽ 8.987 551 788 . . . ⫻ 109 N ⭈m2/C2 (exact)
4pP0
Deuteron mass md 3.343 583 35 (57) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
2.013 553 212 70 (35) u
Electron mass me 9.109 382 6 (16) ⫻ 10⫺31 kg
5.485 799 094 5 (24) ⫻ 10⫺4 u
0.510 998 918 (44) MeV/c 2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 53 (14) ⫻ 10⫺19 C
Gas constant R 8.314 472 (15) J/mol ⭈ K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 2 (10) ⫻ 10⫺11 N ⭈m2/kg2
2e
Josephson frequency –voltage ratio 4.835 978 79 (41) ⫻ 1014 Hz/V
h
h
Magnetic flux quantum ⌽0 ⫽ 2.067 833 72 (18) ⫻ 10⫺15 T ⭈m2
2e
Neutron mass mn 1.674 927 28 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.008 664 915 60 (55) u
939.565 360 (81) MeV/c 2
eប
Nuclear magneton mn ⫽ 5.050 783 43 (43) ⫻ 10⫺27 J/T
2m p
Permeability of free space m0 4p ⫻ 10⫺7 T ⭈m/A (exact)
1
Permittivity of free space P0 ⫽ 8.854 187 817 . . . ⫻ 10⫺12 C2/N ⭈m2 (exact)
m 0c 2
Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 3 (11) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
h
ប⫽ 1.054 571 68 (18) ⫻ 10⫺34 J ⭈s
2p
Proton mass mp 1.672 621 71 (29) ⫻ 10⫺27 kg
1.007 276 466 88 (13) u
938.272 029 (80) MeV/c 2
Rydberg constant RH 1.097 373 156 852 5 (73) ⫻ 107 m⫺1
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 ⫻ 108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2002 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different measure-
ments. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:
2002.” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77:1, 2005.
a The numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
, Solar System Data
Mean Radius Distance from
Body Mass (kg) (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.18 ⫻ 1023 2.43 ⫻ 106 7.60 ⫻ 106 5.79 ⫻ 1010
Venus 4.88 ⫻ 1024 6.06 ⫻ 106 1.94 ⫻ 107 1.08 ⫻ 1011
Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 6.37 ⫻ 106 3.156 ⫻ 107 1.496 ⫻ 1011
Mars 6.42 ⫻ 1023 3.37 ⫻ 106 5.94 ⫻ 107 2.28 ⫻ 1011
Jupiter 1.90 ⫻ 1027 6.99 ⫻ 107 3.74 ⫻ 108 7.78 ⫻ 1011
Saturn 5.68 ⫻ 1026 5.85 ⫻ 107 9.35 ⫻ 108 1.43 ⫻ 1012
Uranus 8.68 ⫻ 1025 2.33 ⫻ 107 2.64 ⫻ 109 2.87 ⫻ 1012
Neptune 1.03 ⫻ 1026 2.21 ⫻ 107 5.22 ⫻ 109 4.50 ⫻ 1012
Plutoa ⬇1.4 ⫻ 1022 ⬇1.5 ⫻ 106 7.82 ⫻ 109 5.91 ⫻ 1012
Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 1.74 ⫻ 106 — —
Sun 1.991 ⫻ 1030 6.96 ⫻ 108 — —
aIn August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight
planets. Pluto is now defined as a “dwarf planet” (like the asteroid Ceres).
Physical Data Often Used
Average Earth–Moon distance 3.84 ⫻ 108 m
Average Earth–Sun distance 1.496 ⫻ 1011 m
Average radius of the Earth 6.37 ⫻ 106 m
Density of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3
Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 ⫻ 103 kg/m3
Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s2
Mass of the Earth 5.98 ⫻ 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.36 ⫻ 1022 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 ⫻ 1030 kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1.013 ⫻ 105 Pa
Note: These values are the ones used in the text.
Some Prefixes for Powers of Ten
Power Prefix Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation
10⫺24 yocto y 101 deka da
10⫺21 zepto z 102 hecto h
10⫺18 atto a 103 kilo k
10⫺15 femto f 106 mega M
10⫺12 pico p 109 giga G
10⫺9 nano n 1012 tera T
10⫺6 micro m 1015 peta P
10⫺3 milli m 1018 exa E
10⫺2 centi c 1021 zetta Z
10⫺1 deci d 1024 yotta Y
