APES AP Exam Review (2023/2024) 100% Pass

APES AP Exam Review (2023/2024) 100% Pass First Law of Thermodynamics energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one form to another. Second Law of Thermodynamics when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). Energy the ability to do work. Units of energy: joules, calories, kilocalories, British thermal units (BTUs), Kilowatt-hours (kWh) Power the rate of doing work (work/time). Units of power: watts and kilowatts. High quality energy easily converted to useful work, organized and concentrated (ex: oil and nuclear) Low quality energy not easily converted to useful work, disorganized, dispersed (ex: heat). Electromagnetic radiation form of energy, travel as waves, e g radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays. Ionizing radiation enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions, capable of damaging DNA. (Gamma, X rays, UV) Radioactive decay unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles. Half-life time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. A radioisotope must be stored approximately 10 half lives before it has decayed to a safe level. Nuclear fission nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in commercial nuclear reactors. Nuclear fusion 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures. Happens on sun and stars, very difficult to accomplish on Earth, prohibitively expensive Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle evaporation (transpiration = evaporation from plants), condensation, precipitation Fate of precipitation evaporation (transpiration), runoff or infiltration and percolation. Aquifer water saturated layer in ground, can yield a usable amount of water. Water table upper surface (top) of the aquifer (zone of saturation) Overdraft withdrawing water from a resource faster than it is replenished (discharge>recharge) Recharge water moving into a reservoir or aquifer Cone of depression lowering of water table around a pumping well. Salt water intrusion over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt water to move into aquifer.