APES REVIEW (2023/2024) Questions and Answers Graded A+

APES REVIEW (2023/2024) Questions and Answers Graded A+ What are the 4 major layers of the earth and the predominant elements in each layer? Crust (oxygen), Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core (iron); What are the three types of plate boundaries? Convergent, Divergent, Transform) What are the two types of tectonic plates and what are they made up of? Oceanic (basalt) and Continental (granite) What are the major horizons of Soil? What is found in each? OA(nutrients) B(accumulated metals; iron, aluminum) CR(bedrock) How do clay, silt, and sand impact soil characteristics? Clay holds water, Sand allows for quick percolation, silt is ideal for farming What are two abiotic factors that erode soil? Soil is primarily eroded by water, second is wind. What are the three types of rocks? Which is most common on the surface of the earth? Igneous, metamorphic, Sedimentary (common on surface) What are the two major types of weathering? Where on the planet do they occur? Physical and Chemical Weathering. Physical occurs commonly outside of the tropics, chemical within the tropics What are the major gases of the atmosphere? Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (.93%), Carbon Dioxide (.035% or 350ppm) What are the layers of the atmosphere from the surface up to space? Tropo, Strato, Meso, Thermo, Iso, Exo Name 3 greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Water Vapor The bulk of the planet's freshwater is found where? Frozen What is an Aquifer? An underground layer of porous rock between impermeable rock filled with water What are 4 major properties of water? Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillarity, Universal Solvent, High Specific heat What are the types of symbiotic relationships, and how is each species impacted? Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+,0) Parasitism (+, -) What is a Keystone Species? A species which serves to keep all other populations in balance in an ecosystem Biodiversity is defined as... the number of species in an area and is a measure of the health of an ecosystem. Greater is better. How much energy is transferred up trophic levels 10% What trophic level has to be the largest? Producers What is the primary energy source for terrestrial ecosystems? Sun Which of the biogeochemical cycles does not utilize the atmosphere? Phosphorus How is atmospheric nitrogen converted to a useable form for plants? Nitrogen fixing bacteria - Nitrogen fixation & ammonification Water leaving organisms, like plants through their stoma, is called? Transpiration How do an r-strategist and k-strategist differ? Example of each? r=rapid reproduction (rabbits, mice) k=slow population growth (humans, elephant) 3. The presence of soil indicates secondary succession What is a carrying capacity? The maximum population size based on ecosystem limits What is the major difference between primary and secondary succession? The presence of soil indicates secondary succession How many people are on the planet? 7 billion How many people are in the US? 330 million What is the formula for Ecological Impact? I = PAT (Population X Affluence X Technology The world population graph is a _________ curve J What are the four phases of the demographic transition and details of each? Preindustrial, Transitional, Industrial, Post Industrial How do you calculate population doubling time? Rule of 70 (70/%growth rate) What is an age structure? A diagram that shows the breakdown of a population by age, sex and reproductive capacity What is a GMO? Genetically modified organism, Cisgenic - organism with genes from same species, Transgenic - organism with genes from different species. Monoculture plantations having low genetic diversity are vulnerable to ...? disease, pests What is Integrated pest management (IPM)? Altering agriculture to avoid greatest detriment from insects What are the major types of forestry? Clear Cutting, Selective Cutting, Plantation forests What is Fracking? Hydraulic fracturing is using water and solvents under pressure to break shale underground and release natural gas 3. Acidic water exiting from a subsurface mine, very detrimental to aquatic ecosystems What are the major surface mining techniques ? Strip mining, contour mining, open pit, mountaintop removal What is Acid mine drainage? Acidic water exiting from a subsurface mine, very detrimental to aquatic ecosystems Commercial over fishing of the world's oceans is an example of what ecological concept? Tragedy of the Commons What are the major types of commercial fishing long line, fish farming, purse seine, trawl line, dredging The US generates the bulk of its power from ... Coal Why do the fossil fuels have a high net energy? Ease of extraction What is the primary fuel for Nuclear power? Uranium 235 Tar Sands are full of bitumen, where are the bulk of the tar sands and what is bitumen? Tar sands are predominantly found in Alberta, Canada. Bitumen is dense oil which must be refined for use. The US currently obtains the greatest amount of renewable energy from this source. Hydroelectric Photovoltaic cells utilize what mineral to capture solar energy? Silicon Compared to non-renewable energy, what are three benefits of renewable energy? Minimal (if any) CO2 emissions; No NOX, SO2, PM; endless supply; Wide region of application What are 3 major outdoor air pollutants? Nox, SO2, PM10 & PM 2.5, VOCs What are 3 indoor air pollutants Cigarette Smoke, Asbestos, Radon, Formaldehyde What is eutrophic? What is Oligotrophic? Eutrophic - abundance of nutrients, oligotrophic - Nutrient poor How does a wastewater treatment plant work? Primary treatment - remove solids Secondary treatment - activated sludge(biological) remediation then sterilization with chlorine or UV What is leachate? Liquid generated from a landfill What waste makes up the bulk of a landfill? Paper products What is the Love Canal? A residential community built on an hazardous waste dump created by the Hooker Company near Niagara Falls. Polluted drinking water, major problems. What are major laws impacting water? Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Water quality act What are major laws concerning wildlife protection? Endangered Species Act, CITES What is the superfund site? CERCLA - A site is a heavily polluted area that is under extreme restoration to combat negative effects Where is the largest carbon sink ocean What is the Pacific Plastic Ocean Gyre? A large accidental landfill in the north eastern part of the Pacific Ocean where trash has accumulated due to currents in a large dump twice the size of Texas. How many FRQ will you answer on Monday? 4 in 90 minutes. 1 is math, 1 is experimental design and 2 are general knowledge. Answer in complete sentences but stay organized! How many multiple choice questions? 100 in 90 min.