BIOCHEMISTRY MCAT XTRA -328 QUESTIONS FULLY SOLVED & UPDATED 2024

Absolute configuratoin the nomenclature system used for the three dimensional arrangement of atoms in isomers; the most common systems are D/L and R/S R= clockwise S= counter clockwise D= right clockwise L= counter clockwise acetal Brainpower Read More 0:10 / 0:15 acetly CoA an important metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis and beta oxidation to the citric acid cycle; can also be converted into ketone bodies activation the conversion of a biomolecule to its active or usable form activation energy the energy required to change the state of a molecule or group of molecules to the transition state; the energy required for a reaction to actually occur active site the catalyticlly active site portion of an enzyme active transport general, primary, and secondary the movement of molecule against its concentration gradient with energy investment; primary active transport uses ATP where as secondary active transport uses a favorable transport gradient of a different molecule activity the measure of the catalytic activity of an enzyme, also called the velocity or rate. it soften measured as a v max and may be analyzed after protein isolation activity analysis the determination of the enzymatic activity of an isolated protein by interaction with a substrate; usually colorimetric in nature adenosine triphosphate the primary energy molecule of the body; it releases energy by breaking the bond with the terminal phosphate to form ADP and inorganic phosphate adipocyte a cell specializing in fat storage aerobic respiration a collection of energy producing metabolic processes that require oxygen including the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation aldose a sugar in which the highest order functional group is an aldehyde; can be categorized by number of carbons allosteric enzymes enzymes that experience changes in their conformation as a result of interactions at sites other than the active site, called allosteric sites; conformational changes may increase or decrease enzyme activity alpha helix an element of secondary structure marked by clockwise coiling of amino acids around a central axis alternative splicing the production of multiple different but related mFNA molecules from a single primary transcript of hnRNA amino acid a dipolar compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group amphipathic having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions amphoteric ability to act as an acid or a base amplification increased transcription and translation of a gene in response to hormones growth factors and other intracellular conditions anabolism the series of metabolic processes that result in the consumption of energy and the synthesis of molecules anaerobic respiration the series of energy producing metabolic processes that do not require oxygen including glycolysis and fermentation anomers a subtype of epimers in which a chiral carbon with inverted configuration was the carbonyl carbon antibody a specialized proteinn molecule produced by lymphocytes for interaction with antigens; antibodies consist of two heavy and two light chains that have a variable and constant region also called immunoglobins and mediate immune responses anticodon the three nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that pairs with the corresponding mFNA codon during translation antigen the region of a molecule that interacts with an antibody; in most cases antigens are proteins apoenzyme an enxyme devoid of a prosthetic group, coenzyme, or cofactor necessary for normal activity apolipoproteins protein molecules responsible for the interaction of lipoproteins with cells and the transfer of lipid molecules between lipoproteins; also called apoproteins aromaticity the ability of a molecule to delocalize pi electrons around a conjugated ring creating exceptional stability basal metabolic rate the amount of energy consumed in a given period of time by a resting organism beta oxidation the catabolism of fatty acids to acetyl CoA beta pleated sheets an element of secondary structure marked by peptide chains lying alongside one another forming rows or strands bile a mixture of salts, ligaments, and cholesterol that acts to emulsify lipids in the small intestine bradford protein assay a coloimeteric method of determining the concentration of protein in an isolate against a protein standard; relies on a transition of absorption between bound and unbound cossmassie brilliant blue die