LUOA Earth Science Module 3 Test Review Latest Update Graded A+

LUOA Earth Science Module 3 Test Review Latest Update Graded A+ Conventional oil a power source of fuel that provides lots of energy but burning it releases carbon dioxide, green house, and other oil pollution Benefit: High energy yield 2 recycled metals aluminum and copper Advantages of Solar Energy it is free, net energy is not too high, quick installments, no carbon dioxide admission, very low air and water pollution, and very low land disturbance Disadvantages of Solar Energy it needs to store heat somehow, needs access to sun 60% of the time, Sun may be blocked, active collector may look unappealing, ad active system needs maintenance and repair Advantages of hydro power it is very effected, long life span, large amounts of energy, low-cost electricity, Little to no carbon dioxide emissions, may provide food control, provides water year-round, and reservoir are useful for fishing Disadvantages of hydro power it uproots people, danger of collapse, expensive to build, high carbon dioxide emission to shallow and tropics, converts lake region into lake, decrease the flow of natural fertilizer, and creates lots of debris and pollution when first being constructed Benefits of Wind Power it is very high efficiency, no carbon dioxide emission, can be built at sea, very low environmental impact, produces cheap electricity, easy and quick construction, and land below turbines can be used for crops and raising animals Benefits of different types of oil can help us to replace our limited conventional oil Problems with natural gas it is non-renewable, air pollution, methane can leak, difficult to export, requires pipeline, and sometimes it is wasted at oil wells 2 types of weathering physical and chemical Soil formation is a combination of what 2 items weathering and the parent materials that is the bedrock underneath Particle size order gravel, sand, silt, and clay Loam soil composed of sand, silt, and clay Which type of mass movement is the fastest? rock fall Influences on the rate of weathering type of rock, exposure of surface area, and climate What does the climate effect in weathering? moisture: the more moist, the faster the weathering, little water discourages chemical reaction, and the rate of physical weathering due to freezing and thawing is high in these areas 4 agents of erosion water, wind, gravity, and ice What caused the dust bowl? severe drought and failure to apply dry land farming methods to prevent wind erosion Where are loess deposits found Missouri and Mississippi River Valley and China Saltation particles of sand or soil that bounces along the ground or river bottom due to wind or streamflow Rock fall when rock falls down fairly vertically Rock slides when rock slides down a hill Slump when chunk of sediments stick together as it slides Mudflow liquid sediments (lots of water involved) Flows down hill Creep when soil, or other loose sediments makes its way down hill slowly over time The ocean covers about how much of the Earth's surface? 75% Frequency the number of crest that pass a given point in a particular amount of time Wavelength the distance between crust to crust or trough to trough Crest highest point in a wave Trough lowest point in a wave What determines a height of a wave? fetch, speed of the wave, length of time the wind blows How does waves obtain energy? wind Where do neap tides occur? when the moon, earth, and sun are positioned perpendicular to each other Where do spring tides occur? the tidal bulge increases because of the alignment of the earth, moon, and sun Tidal range the difference between high tide and low tide Rip current strong, dangerous currents flowing out to sea through a small channel or between sandbars Seawalls built to absorb the energy of waves and bounce it back into sea Groynes run perpendicular to the shore preventing beach erosion Breakwalls stop the waves from crashing on the beach, but does not solve the over all problem because it just causes the erosion to occur elsewhere Jetty a way man uses to interrupt the long shore currents helping with erosion control of the beach Most obvious land forms of coastal deposition Beaches Lagoons formed when a bay gets cut off by a sand bar. the sandbar grows from a split from headland across the bay Sandy hooks starts as a spit, if deposition continues it forms this Spit a narrow stretch of beach that protrudes out into the ocean Sand bars a build up of sand, often running parallel to shore due to long shore currents How do headlands form? when more resistant rock does not erode and a less resistant rock on each side does How do sea caves form? after pounding waves cause weak areas to form in the rock face a crack appears and begins to open up, causing water to rush in How do sea arches form? a piece of the headland that is eroded all the way through How do barrier islands form? form over time, when sandbars or shoals build up Progression of land forms forming from less erosion to more erosion lines of weakness, sea caves, arch, stack, stump Where do we find the the warmest water on earth? Persian Gulf How are coral reef formed? Fringe reef? coral reefs: polyps that land on solid structures and build their homes and eventually form a reef fringe reef: coral reefs growing along the shoreline Corals rate of growth 1/2 inch a year Zooxanthellae symbiotic organism that live in the coral's digestive tract and provide food for the coral Atolls islands formed from coral reefs in a circular pattern around what was once a volcanic island that has subsided Floodplain the sediments get deposited on the valley floor when the stream overflows Confluence where two rivers meet Drainage Basin a geographic area where all the precipitation that falls in the area and runs off into a river Divide the highest point of land that separates a watershed or drainage basin from another one What does the continental divide separate? the water that flows into the Gulf of Mexico on its way to the Atlantic ocean, from the water that flows into the Pacific Ocean Largest drainage basin in USA Mississippi River system Factors that affect amount of runoff water precipitation rate, amount of saturation, capillarity, urbanization, vegetation, porosity, soil type, permeability, and slope or gradient Formula for calculating slope and gradient slope or gradient equals change in elevation over distance Zone of saturation if the zone of saturation is completely filled with water, the zone of aeration will begin to fill up Different types of loads solution load, suspended load, bed load, and saltation load Characteristics of rounded particles changed from angled rocks, lose mass and volume, and more rounded the longer they have traveled Vertical sorting order (bottom to top) Boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay Oxbow lake meanders that have been cut off from the original stream Delta when a river empties into an ocean or lake, it deposits it sediment in a formation Alluvial fans if a delta deposits in a desert area Undermining when the force of the swirling water undercuts the cliffs of base at the bottom of a waterfall causing the cliff to collapse Meander the back and forth flow of an old river Describe how a river gets to its base level a river gets to its base level when a young stream is up hill from a lake, and the stream eventually erodes the hill so that it deposits into the lake which has a lower elevation than the stream. The elevation of the lake that the young stream deposits into is its base level because it cannot go any lower in elevation. Difference between a levee and a spillway a levee has the sides of the river bank built up and a spillway diverts water Characteristics of sediments in the floodplain fine-grained from eroded bedrock, nutrient rich What is used as damage control along streams from floods spillways, upstream dams, levees along stream banks, relocation of buildings and people Yazoo tributary a small stream that runs parallel to the large stream in a floodplain Exoliation the heating and cooling of rocks causes them to expand and contract. When this happens, pieces of rock flake off. It can also happen from pressure being released on the surface. How particles move during water erosion? solution: particles are dissolved suspension: particles float saltation: Particles bounce off the bottom How to identify each type of mass movement the amount of water that is involved in each mass movement Why does the Coriolis effect happen? because of the earth's rotation