Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet
Covers Material from Modules 1-10
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis. Allostasis is the overall process of
adaptive change necessary
2. What is epidemiology? . Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study of the
causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations….Review the different levels of disease
prevention such as primary-
preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,
housing,andsanitation Secondary- prevention that lead to the early
diagnosis of disease and, in some cases, cure tertiary- prevention-once a disease becomes
established, treatment
as well as examples for each. Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study
of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.
Primary-
preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,h
ousing,andsanitation… Secondary- prevention that lead to the early diagnosis
of disease and, in some cases, cure… Tertiary prevention- once a disease becomes established,
treatment
3. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response? Sympathetic- stressful stimulus and release
of norepinephrine. Parasympathetic-rest/relax
4. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum- cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, has
ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. peroxisome-
breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation golgi apparatus- a
complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.protein molecules
in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the
5. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
Active immunity -vacines
-
ocurswhenindividualsareexposedtoantigen,whichconfersl
ong-term protectionbut maytakeseveralwekstodevelop.)and
(Passive immunity-Newborns receive IgA antibodies through breast milk. serotherapy, involves direct
injection of antibodies into an unprotected person
, Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet
6.
What is edema?swelling Review the various factors that can contribute to edema-- heart
failure, kidney problems
7. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I
(Anaphylactic)- (IgE)immediate hypersensitivity, allergic reaction Type II (Cytotoxic)- ABO
transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, myasthenia gravis, hyperacute graft rejection,
and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, IgM or IgG. Type III (Immune complex)-- inflammatory reaction
to the antibody–antigen complex, , IgM and IgG, Immune complex- example Systemic Lupus E,
Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated)--- (Delayed cell-mediated- example tuberculin reaction. Know
examples and mediating factors for each type. Type IVa – Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Type IVa
– Tuberculin-Typ….. Know examples and mediating factors for each type.
8. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
9. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
epigastricburningpainthatisusualyrelievedbythe
intakeofood(especialydairyproducts)orantacids.GIbledi
ng,mayocurinpatientswithnowarning
burning stomach pain, bloating or belching, Heartburn
10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Generalized periumbilical pain accompanied by nausea
and, & diarrhea.
Pain-“migrating”orlocalizingtothelowerRIGHTabdomen//
/ How do we assess for this condition? Low fever, nausea, anorexia, RIGHT quad pain, elevate WBC,
rebound pain or tenderness at McBurney point
11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. ,
Bruising,increasedbledingJaundice, Hepatomegaly,
Splenomegaly,Varices,
Anemia,Weakness,fatigue,anorexia,weightlos
s,muscle wasting,fever,Ascites/Review complications of
liver disease such as ascites- acumulationof
fluidintheperitonealcavity.hepatic encephalopathy— Confusion,
subtle behavioral changes, Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present Stuporous, confusion, slurred
speech, Coma TX. Osmotic diuretics or antibiotics .. esophageal varices-- result of cirrhosis attributable to
alcoholism or viral hepatitis--- complication of portal hypertension…How are esophageal varices
managed/treated? To
lower blood pressure and decrease risk of bleeding(control bleeding) -Propranolol . Nadolol
12. What role does albumin play in the blood? 60% of the total protein in the blood, keep fliud from
Covers Material from Modules 1-10
Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the
Final exam
1. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis. Allostasis is the overall process of
adaptive change necessary
2. What is epidemiology? . Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study of the
causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations….Review the different levels of disease
prevention such as primary-
preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,
housing,andsanitation Secondary- prevention that lead to the early
diagnosis of disease and, in some cases, cure tertiary- prevention-once a disease becomes
established, treatment
as well as examples for each. Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the study
of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.
Primary-
preventionintermsofimprovednutrition,economy,h
ousing,andsanitation… Secondary- prevention that lead to the early diagnosis
of disease and, in some cases, cure… Tertiary prevention- once a disease becomes established,
treatment
3. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What
happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response? Sympathetic- stressful stimulus and release
of norepinephrine. Parasympathetic-rest/relax
4. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria,
ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum- cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, has
ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. peroxisome-
breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation golgi apparatus- a
complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.protein molecules
in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the
5. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type.
Active immunity -vacines
-
ocurswhenindividualsareexposedtoantigen,whichconfersl
ong-term protectionbut maytakeseveralwekstodevelop.)and
(Passive immunity-Newborns receive IgA antibodies through breast milk. serotherapy, involves direct
injection of antibodies into an unprotected person
, Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet
6.
What is edema?swelling Review the various factors that can contribute to edema-- heart
failure, kidney problems
7. What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: Type I
(Anaphylactic)- (IgE)immediate hypersensitivity, allergic reaction Type II (Cytotoxic)- ABO
transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, myasthenia gravis, hyperacute graft rejection,
and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, IgM or IgG. Type III (Immune complex)-- inflammatory reaction
to the antibody–antigen complex, , IgM and IgG, Immune complex- example Systemic Lupus E,
Type IV (Delayed cell-mediated)--- (Delayed cell-mediated- example tuberculin reaction. Know
examples and mediating factors for each type. Type IVa – Allergic Contact Dermatitis, Type IVa
– Tuberculin-Typ….. Know examples and mediating factors for each type.
8. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors.
9. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease.
epigastricburningpainthatisusualyrelievedbythe
intakeofood(especialydairyproducts)orantacids.GIbledi
ng,mayocurinpatientswithnowarning
burning stomach pain, bloating or belching, Heartburn
10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Generalized periumbilical pain accompanied by nausea
and, & diarrhea.
Pain-“migrating”orlocalizingtothelowerRIGHTabdomen//
/ How do we assess for this condition? Low fever, nausea, anorexia, RIGHT quad pain, elevate WBC,
rebound pain or tenderness at McBurney point
11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. ,
Bruising,increasedbledingJaundice, Hepatomegaly,
Splenomegaly,Varices,
Anemia,Weakness,fatigue,anorexia,weightlos
s,muscle wasting,fever,Ascites/Review complications of
liver disease such as ascites- acumulationof
fluidintheperitonealcavity.hepatic encephalopathy— Confusion,
subtle behavioral changes, Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present Stuporous, confusion, slurred
speech, Coma TX. Osmotic diuretics or antibiotics .. esophageal varices-- result of cirrhosis attributable to
alcoholism or viral hepatitis--- complication of portal hypertension…How are esophageal varices
managed/treated? To
lower blood pressure and decrease risk of bleeding(control bleeding) -Propranolol . Nadolol
12. What role does albumin play in the blood? 60% of the total protein in the blood, keep fliud from
