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Which of these statements is true regarding the way light travels? A. Sound travels faster than light. B. The speed of light is always the same regardless of the medium through which it travels. C. Light travels as both a wave and a particle. D. Light can not travel through a vacuum. C. Light travels as both a wave and a particle. Light is a curiosity in that it acts as both a wave and a particle. It only changes direction via reflection (bouncing off of something) or refraction (passing from one medium to another). In a vacuum, the speed of light is constant, but when passing through a medium that has an index of refraction different from a vacuum, light's speed slows. Which of these elements is liquid at room temperature? A. mercury B. zinc C. manganese D. magnesium A. mercury Mercury is the only one of the elements listed here that is liquid at room temperature. The element bromine also has this property. Where is the hyoid bone located? A. neck B. pelvis C. rib cage D. leg A. neck The hyoid bone is located between the chin and thyroid cartilage. A person with AB- blood should not receive blood from which other blood type? A. B- B. A- C. O- D. AB+ D. AB+ Those with an AB- blood type should not receive blood from those with AB+ blood. Although both AB+ and AB- blood have A and B antigens, the person with AB- blood lacks a special protein, or "Rhesus" Factor (Rh), circulating in their blood. If they are given blood that has the Rh factor present, their body will make antibodies to this foreign substance and complications will occur. This is especially true in pregnancy situations where the mother is Rh- and the baby she is carrying is Rh+. Which blood type is considered the universal donor? A. O- B. O+ C. AB- D. AB+ A. O- O- blood lacks both A and B antigens and the Rh factor, making it the only blood type that can donate to everyone. Note the correct use of the terms antibody and antigen: O- is the best donor because it does not have A, B or Rh antigens. AB+ is the universal receiver because it does not have A, B or Rh antibodies. What is the only artery in the body to carry oxygen-poor blood? A. renal artery B. interosseous artery C. vena cava D. pulmonary artery D. pulmonary artery Most arteries in the body carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, but the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. The vena cava would not be correct because it is not an artery, it is a vein and the question asks for an artery. Chocolate cysts of the ovaries are attributed to ____. A. menorrhagia B. ectopic pregnancy C. pelvic inflammatory disease D. endometriosis D. endometriosis Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue from the uterus (endometrium) grows in other parts of the body, such as the ovaries or bowel. If a woman has endometrial tissue in her ovary, the tissue bleeds and builds up over time, and as the blood ages it turns brown, hence the term "chocolate cyst." Which is not true of synovial joints? A. They are found in the intervertebral discs of the spinal column B. They have a fluid-filled capsule that surrounds their articulating surface C. They are the most common joint in the body D. They are the most moveable joint type in the body A. They are found in the intervertebral discs of the spinal column Instead of a synovial joint, the intervertebral discs of the spinal column form a fibrocartilaginous joint, which allows slight movement of the vertebrae of the spine. Ligaments connect _______. A. tendon to bone B. muscle to bone C. bone to bone D. muscle to bone C. bone to bone Ligaments connect bone to bone, and tendons connect muscle to bone. What is the longest muscle in the human body? A. sartorius B. vastus medialis C. vastus lateralis D. adductor longus A. sartorius The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius muscle, which is located in the anterior thigh. Which of these is not a part of the body's chemical defense system against infection? A. lysozyme B. agranulocyte C. urine D. hydrochloric acid B. agranulocyte Agranulocytes are a type of white blood cell and therefore are not a part of the body's chemical defense system. Which of these is considered an example of naturally acquired passive immunity? A. inactivated (killed) vaccine injection B. exposure to a disease and subsequent immunity C. attenuated (live) vaccine injection D. breastfeeding D. breastfeeding Natural passive immunity occurs when live antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, such as when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her baby via breast milk. Worms lack which of these? A. eyes and ears B. brain and ears C. eyes and brain D. nose and brain A. eyes and ears Worms lack eyes, ears, and a nose, but they do have brains. Which organelle is responsible for generating ATP that is used for chemical energy? A. mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. vesicle D. ribosome A. mitochondria The mitochondrion is often referred to as the "power plant" of the cell because it generates ATP, the cell's source of chemical energy. Which of these statements is true with regard to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. Prokaryotic cells can contain lysosomes B. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria C. Prokaryotic cells can contain lysosomes and eukaryotic cells have mitochondria D. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus B. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria One of the major differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells contain organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. Positive feedback is a mechanism used by the body that results in amplification or enhancement of a signal that has already been activated. An example of this would be ____. A. the release of oxytocin to increase contractions during childbirth B. shivering to increase temperature C. slowing metabolism in response to starvation D. blood vessels regulating blood pressure A. the release of oxytocin to increase contractions during childbirth Contractions in childbirth are considered a positive feedback loop because each contraction stimulates the brain to release more oxytocin, which in turn stimulates more contractions. When placed in a hypotonic solution, what will a cell do? A. shrink B. swell C. disintegrate D. remain the same B. swell Water always moves from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. A hypotonic solution contains less solutes and more water than the contents inside of the cell, so water will move from outside of the cell to inside, causing it to swell. Which is not an effect of photo-oxidation? A. loss of surface smoothness B. increase in brittleness C. increase in tensile strength D. discoloration C. increase in tensile strength Photo-oxidation occurs when UV light and ozone break down the surface of polymers. The result is the material becoming more brittle and discolored and less strong and smooth. Using the Lewis-dot structure model, how many dots would carbon have? A. 6 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 C. 4 The number of dots in a Lewis-dot structure model corresponds to the number of valance electrons for that atom. Because carbon has four valance electrons, its Lewis-dot structure model would have 4 dots. Which of these would produce hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution and would turn a litmus test from blue to red? A. ammonia B. lye CONTINUED......