NURS 611-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
ACTUAL EXAM TEST +150 QUES & ANS
WITH RATIONALE
MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY
*Multiple choice only*
Key Points Exam 1:
Know Cell components and what they do:
● Nucleus-
houses the genetic info
● Ribosomes-
responsible for protein synthesis
● Mitochondria-
Produce ATP
● Golgi apparatus-
responsible for packaging and distribution
● Lysosome-
degrades and recycles waste
● Peroxisome-
has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces free radicals
What are Free Radicals or Reactive Oxygen Species? How do they cause damage?
- Free radical:
unpaired molecule; steals an electron from a healthy molecule.
- Causes cellular damage and in excess can cause disease
- Antioxidants give an electron to an unpaired molecule
- Reactive oxygen species:
highly reactive chemical molecules formed due to the electron receptivity of O 2. Example:
peroxides
Cell membrane
● What is the Plasma Membrane made up of?
o Phospholipid bilayer:
hydrophilic heads on outside: phosphate functional group, hydrophobic tails on inside:
glycerol + fatty acid chains
● Why do we need a Cell membrane?
o Main function is to keep ICF and ECF separate
● How is Osmolality different between ICF and ECF?
o Osmolality:measure of how much one substance has dissolved in another substance.
The greater the concentration of the substance dissolved, the higher the osmolality
o Usually the same between ICF and ECF
● What do proteins do for the cell (6)? How much of the Cell membrane is made up of protein?
o Proteins make up 55% of the cell membrane.
o Serve as channels, carrier, pumps and receptors
o Enzymes
o And are part of the cytoskeleton.
● What is a protein?
o made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides.
o Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
3 types of Cell junctions:
, ● Describe what Tight junctions are and why we need them?
o barriers to diffusion
prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membrane
o
and prevent the leakage of small molecules between the plasma membranes of adjacent
o
cells
o Impermeable
● Describe what Gap junctions are and why we need them?
o allow for conductivity; synchronize contractions of heart muscles through ionic coupling
o clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that allow small ions and molecules to
pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another
● Describe what Desmosomes are and why we need them?
o hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button like
points of contact
Energy
● What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
o the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is
transferred to ATP
● What is the Inside of cell main Cation?
o Potassium
● What is the outside of cell main Cation?
o Sodium
● Is the inside of the cell positively or negatively charged? - MORE Negative
● Is the outside of the cell positively or negatively charged? - MORE positive
Transport:
● Describe what diffusion is? Is it active or passive? Give an example?
o Passive. Urea.
● Describe what Facilitated diffusion is? Is it active or passive? Give an example of facilitated
diffusion?
o Passive. Glucose is a large molecule and needs glucose transporters to go from outside
cell to inside cell.
o ETOH
● Osmosis is passive: the movement of water “down” a concentration gradient, across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water
concentration
● Describe Active Transport? Is it active or passive? Give an example?
o Associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cells needs such
as ions, glucose and amino acids.
▪ Ex. uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans
▪ Ex. Na and K antiport system
Tonicity
● What does the cell do in a Hypotonic solution?
o Cells swell
● What does the cell do in a Isotonic solution?
o Cells remain the same
● What does the cell do in a Hypertonic solution?
o Cells shrink
Give an example of a hypotonic solution? .45% NS
Give an example of an isotonic solution? NS
Give an example of a hypertonic solution? 3% saline
What part does albumin do with keeping fluid in blood vessels?
- Albumin is main plasma protein and if it is low it will allow fluid to leak out into the interstitial space
- Eat more protein
, What is happening in edema or third spacing if albumin is low?
- is the plasma protein that is primarily responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure because it has
the highest concentration
- causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure.
What happens to calcium if albumin is low?
- Calcium in serum is bound to proteins, principally albumin. As a result, the total serum calcium
concentration in patients with low or high serum albumin levels may not accurately reflect the
physiologically important ionized (or free) calcium concentration
Electrical Impulses and Membrane potential
Define:
Resting Membrane Potential:
- Cell is like a capacitor; it stores electrical charge
- The difference in charge between the inside and outside.
- -70 to -85 mV
Action Potential:
- When a nerve or muscle cell receives a stimulus that exceeds the
membrane threshold value, there is a rapid change in the resting membrane potential
Depolarization: net movement of sodium into the cell, and the membrane potential decreases, or “moves
forward,” from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero
Repolarization: the negative polarity of the resting membrane potential is reestablished
What is the difference between the relative refractory and Absolute refractory period?
- Relative: During the latter phase of the action potential, when permeability to
potassium increases, a stronger-than-normal stimulus can evoke an
action potential
- Absolute: During most of the action potential, the plasma membrane cannot
respond to an additional stimulus
ACTUAL EXAM TEST +150 QUES & ANS
WITH RATIONALE
MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY
*Multiple choice only*
Key Points Exam 1:
Know Cell components and what they do:
● Nucleus-
houses the genetic info
● Ribosomes-
responsible for protein synthesis
● Mitochondria-
Produce ATP
● Golgi apparatus-
responsible for packaging and distribution
● Lysosome-
degrades and recycles waste
● Peroxisome-
has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces free radicals
What are Free Radicals or Reactive Oxygen Species? How do they cause damage?
- Free radical:
unpaired molecule; steals an electron from a healthy molecule.
- Causes cellular damage and in excess can cause disease
- Antioxidants give an electron to an unpaired molecule
- Reactive oxygen species:
highly reactive chemical molecules formed due to the electron receptivity of O 2. Example:
peroxides
Cell membrane
● What is the Plasma Membrane made up of?
o Phospholipid bilayer:
hydrophilic heads on outside: phosphate functional group, hydrophobic tails on inside:
glycerol + fatty acid chains
● Why do we need a Cell membrane?
o Main function is to keep ICF and ECF separate
● How is Osmolality different between ICF and ECF?
o Osmolality:measure of how much one substance has dissolved in another substance.
The greater the concentration of the substance dissolved, the higher the osmolality
o Usually the same between ICF and ECF
● What do proteins do for the cell (6)? How much of the Cell membrane is made up of protein?
o Proteins make up 55% of the cell membrane.
o Serve as channels, carrier, pumps and receptors
o Enzymes
o And are part of the cytoskeleton.
● What is a protein?
o made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides.
o Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
3 types of Cell junctions:
, ● Describe what Tight junctions are and why we need them?
o barriers to diffusion
prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membrane
o
and prevent the leakage of small molecules between the plasma membranes of adjacent
o
cells
o Impermeable
● Describe what Gap junctions are and why we need them?
o allow for conductivity; synchronize contractions of heart muscles through ionic coupling
o clusters of communicating tunnels or connexons that allow small ions and molecules to
pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another
● Describe what Desmosomes are and why we need them?
o hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button like
points of contact
Energy
● What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
o the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is
transferred to ATP
● What is the Inside of cell main Cation?
o Potassium
● What is the outside of cell main Cation?
o Sodium
● Is the inside of the cell positively or negatively charged? - MORE Negative
● Is the outside of the cell positively or negatively charged? - MORE positive
Transport:
● Describe what diffusion is? Is it active or passive? Give an example?
o Passive. Urea.
● Describe what Facilitated diffusion is? Is it active or passive? Give an example of facilitated
diffusion?
o Passive. Glucose is a large molecule and needs glucose transporters to go from outside
cell to inside cell.
o ETOH
● Osmosis is passive: the movement of water “down” a concentration gradient, across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water
concentration
● Describe Active Transport? Is it active or passive? Give an example?
o Associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cells needs such
as ions, glucose and amino acids.
▪ Ex. uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans
▪ Ex. Na and K antiport system
Tonicity
● What does the cell do in a Hypotonic solution?
o Cells swell
● What does the cell do in a Isotonic solution?
o Cells remain the same
● What does the cell do in a Hypertonic solution?
o Cells shrink
Give an example of a hypotonic solution? .45% NS
Give an example of an isotonic solution? NS
Give an example of a hypertonic solution? 3% saline
What part does albumin do with keeping fluid in blood vessels?
- Albumin is main plasma protein and if it is low it will allow fluid to leak out into the interstitial space
- Eat more protein
, What is happening in edema or third spacing if albumin is low?
- is the plasma protein that is primarily responsible for the plasma oncotic pressure because it has
the highest concentration
- causes edema as a result of a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure.
What happens to calcium if albumin is low?
- Calcium in serum is bound to proteins, principally albumin. As a result, the total serum calcium
concentration in patients with low or high serum albumin levels may not accurately reflect the
physiologically important ionized (or free) calcium concentration
Electrical Impulses and Membrane potential
Define:
Resting Membrane Potential:
- Cell is like a capacitor; it stores electrical charge
- The difference in charge between the inside and outside.
- -70 to -85 mV
Action Potential:
- When a nerve or muscle cell receives a stimulus that exceeds the
membrane threshold value, there is a rapid change in the resting membrane potential
Depolarization: net movement of sodium into the cell, and the membrane potential decreases, or “moves
forward,” from a negative value (in millivolts) to zero
Repolarization: the negative polarity of the resting membrane potential is reestablished
What is the difference between the relative refractory and Absolute refractory period?
- Relative: During the latter phase of the action potential, when permeability to
potassium increases, a stronger-than-normal stimulus can evoke an
action potential
- Absolute: During most of the action potential, the plasma membrane cannot
respond to an additional stimulus
