Nursing 172 Fluid & Electrolytes (Well-enlightened)

normal bicarbonate levels correct answers 22-26 mEq/L normal chloride levels correct answers 96-106 mEq/L normal phosphate levels correct answers 2.4-4.4 mg/dL normal potassium levels correct answers 3.5-5.0 mEq/L normal magnesium levels correct answers 1.5-2.5 mEq/L normal sodium levels correct answers 135-145 mEq/L normal calcium levels (total) correct answers 8.6-10.2 mg/dL normal calcium levels (ionized) correct answers 4.6-5.3 mg/dL Hypernatremia correct answers Elevated serum sodium levels Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia correct answers Restlessness, agitation, intense thirst Causes of hypernatremia correct answers Excessive sodium intake, inadequate water intake, excessive water loss, diabetes, Cushing syndrome Hyponatremia correct answers Low serum sodium levels Causes of hyponatremia correct answers Excessive sodium loss, inadequate sodium intake, excessive water gain, SIADH, heart failure Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia correct answers Confusion, muscle spasms, tremors, GI upset Hyperkalemia correct answers High serum potassium levels Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia correct answers Irritability, anxiety, paresthesias, cardiac arrest Causes of hyperkalemia correct answers Excessive potassium intake, fever, burns, crush injury, renal disease, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS Hypokalemia correct answers Low serum potassium levels Causes of hypokalemia correct answers Diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, dialysis, increased insulin, increased epinephrine, lack of potassium intake