TEST BANK NEUROSCIENCE Exploring the Brain (2015, WOLTERS KLUWER) MARK F. BEAR, BARRY W. CONNORS, MICHAEL A. PARADISO

TEST BANK NEUROSCIENCE Exploring the Brain (2015, WOLTERS KLUWER) MARK F. BEAR, BARRY W. CONNORS, MICHAEL A. PARADISO 1. Why are a broad perspective and an interdisciplinary approach required for understanding the brain? Choose the correct option. A) Understanding the brain is a focused area in natural science with the brain serving as the common point of focus. B) Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from the structure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of the brain. C) Understanding the brain requires the study of the different species of the brain. D) Understanding the brain requires the analysis of one approach at a time to yield a new synthesis. 2. Galen's study of sheep brains was the basis for a theory of brain function that prevailed for almost 1500 years. Which of the following represents this view? Choose the correct option. A) The heart as the center of intellect and the brain as the cooling system B) Localization of brain function in the cerebrum and cerebellum C) Mind–brain duality D) Parceling the cerebrum into lobes 3. What is “mind–brain problem”? Choose the correct option. A) Individually, human mental capacities exist in the mind that is outside the brain. B) The mind is the same as the brain. C) Both animals and people possess intellect and a God-given soul. D) The pineal gland is a spiritual entity. 4. What notion was displaced by the concept of nerves being described as wires? Choose the correct option. A) Nerves are channels that communicate with the brain by the movement of fluids. B) Muscles can be twitched when nerves are stimulated electrically and the brain itself may generate electricity. C) Signals to the muscles causing movement use the same wires as those that register sensations from the skin. D) Nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain. 5. The combined work of Bell and Magendie revealed a fundamental fact about the spinal nerves. Choose the correct option. A) Spinal nerves are myelinated. B) Spinal nerves are bundles of sensory and motor nerves, and in each sensory and motor nerve fiber, transmission is strictly one-way. C) Spinal nerves are not hollow tubes carrying fluid. D) Both humans and animals have spinal nerves. 1 | P a g e6. For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head? Choose the correct option. A) To understand the propensity for certain personality traits B) To demonstrate equal participation of all regions of the brain in all cerebral functions C) To show that nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain D) To show that unique human mental capabilities exist outside the brain 7. On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain? Choose the correct option. A) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the right frontal lobe B) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the occipital lobe C) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the left frontal lobe D) By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the cerebellum 8. To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits that can develop? Choose the correct option. A) Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens B) Charles Darwin C) Gustav Fritsch and Edward Hitzig D) Franz Joseph Gall 9. Which of the following is a correct explanation of a disorder that affects the nervous system? Choose the correct option. A) Cerebral palsy is a motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth. B) Epilepsy is a progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance. C) Stroke involves a loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord. D) Alzheimer's disease is a severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior. 2 | P a g e10. A neuroscientist is investigating how different neural circuits in the brain analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements. At what level of analysis is this research conducted? Choose the correct option. A) Molecular neuroscience level B) Cellular neuroscience level C) Systems neuroscience level D) Cognitive neuroscience level 11. What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain? Choose the correct option. A) Animal brains are identical to human brains but only smaller in size. B) Brain mechanisms that motivate any reaction are identical in animal and human brains. C) The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms. D) Animal brains are easier to obtain than human brains. 12. How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for different behavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies? Choose the correct option. A) By studying the similarities in response pattern to fear in different species B) By studying neurons one at a time C) By comparing the specializations of the brains of different species D) By systematically destroying each part of the brain and studying its implication 13. At which level of analysis do neuroscientists study the different types of neurons and their functions? Choose the correct option. A) Cellular neuroscience B) Cognitive neuroscience C) Molecular neuroscience D) Behavioral neuroscience 14. What is the difference between replication and verification? Choose the correct option. A) Replication tests a hypothesis, whereas verification rechecks the hypothesis. B) Replication can only be done once, whereas verification can be done many times. C) Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer. D) Replication and verification are not essentially different. 3 | P a g e15. Galen suggested that the cerebrum, which was soft, should be the recipient of sensations. He was of the view that to form memories, sensations should be imprinted onto the brain. Thus, this must occur in the doughy cerebrum. Although the conclusion is right, the reason suggested by Galen is incorrect. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Scientists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries proposed the structure– function relationship between the white matter and gray matter in the brain. According to this relationship, gray matter contained the fibers that bring information to and from the white matter. True or false? A) True B) False 17. Rats are considered valuable models for the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. True or false? A) True B) False 18. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is formed of the animal rights representatives. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Scientists use a approach, neuroscientists break a complex problem into approach to understand how the brain works. In this pieces for systematic experimental analysis. 20. The process of verification, if , establishes new scientific fact or, if , suggests new interpretations for the original observation. Answer Key 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. C 13. A 4 | P a g e14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. reductionist, smaller 20. affirmative, negative 5 | P a g e1. What does the “neuron doctrine” state? Choose the correct option. A) Neurites of different cells fuse together to form a continuous reticulum. B) Individual cells communicate by contact and not continuity. C) The cell body of a neuron contains organelles. D) The elementary functional unit of all tissues is the individual cell. 2. What is a primary function of MAPs? Choose the correct option. A) Regulate the function and assembly of microtubules B) Regulate the function and assembly of microfilaments C) Regulate the function and assembly of neurofilaments D) Regulate the function and assembly of cytoskeleton 3. Neurons comprise two main structures: axons and dendrites. What is a major difference between the two? Choose the correct option. A) Dendrites are of uniform diameter throughout, whereas axons taper to a point. B) Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons. C) A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons. D) Dendrites travel long distances, whereas axons are always short. 4. A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of a neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? Choose the correct option. A) Organelle B) Soma C) Neuronal membrane D) Nuclear envelope 5. What do you understand by the term translation? Choose the correct option. A) Assembling a piece of mRNA B) Assembling proteins from amino acids C) Removal of introns and specific exons D) The “reading” of DNA 6. What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Choose the correct option. A) RNA splicing B) Post-translational protein processing C) Site of protein synthesis D) Cellular respiration 7. What does the mitochondrion “inhale”? Choose the correct option. A) Pyruvic acid B) Cytosol C) Adenosine triphosphate D) Amino acids8. Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon terminal. Choose the correct option. A) Axon terminals have more microtubules. B) The axon has more synaptic vesicles than the axon terminal. C) Ribosomes are present in the axon terminal. D) There are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal. 9. What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? Choose the correct option. A) Release synaptic vesicles B) Detect neurotransmitters C) Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft D) Form gap junctions 10. Identify the protein that helps anterograde transport move materials from the soma to the terminal. Choose the correct option. A) Dynein B) Kinesin C) Pyruvic acid D) MAP 11. Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements? Choose the correct option. A) Microfilament B) Neurofilament C) Microtubule D) Tubulin 12. What is retrograde axoplasmic transport? Choose the correct option. A) Movement of material from axon terminal to soma B) Movement of material from soma to axon terminal C) Movement of material within the synaptic terminal D) Movement of material among axon collaterals 13. Some neurons have long axons that stretch from one part of the CNS to another. What are these called? Choose the correct option. A) Interneurons B) Golgi type II neurons C) Golgi type I neurons D) Motor neurons 14. What is the region where the axon begins? Choose the correct option. A) Soma B) Axon hillockC) Axon collateral D) Axon terminal 15. Molecular neurobiologists study the information contained in genes to determine the structure and functions of the neuronal proteins. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Dendritic spines are sensitive to the quality of the environment experienced during early development. True or false? A) True B) False 17. During transcription, transcription factors regulate the process of binding RNA polymerase to the promoter to initiate RNA synthesis. True or false? A) True B) False 18. Ribosomes take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins using the blueprint provided by the mRNA. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Free ribosomes that appear to be attached by a thread are called polyribosomes. The thread is a single strand of .20. Pathological changes in axonal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are called tau. This pathological change is implicated in the dementia that accompanies . Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. mRNA 20. Alzheimer's disease1. A simple reflex requires the nervous system to perform three functions. Two of these functions are to collect and distribute information. What is the third function? Choose the correct option. A) Disintegrate information B) Integrate information C) Disperse information D) Translate information 2. What is resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest B) Generation and conduction of action potential at rest C) Positive charge of the membrane at rest D) Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular fluid 3. What is capacitance? Choose the correct option. A) Electrical potential difference B) Storage of electric charge C) Voltage across neuronal membrane D) Migration of electric charge 4. Which of the following are the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons? Choose the correct option. A) Polar bonds B) Phospholipid bilayers C) Ions D) Ionic bonds 5. How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) These lipids encourage chemical interactions with water. B) These lipids catalyze chemical reactions. C) These lipids integrate cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluid. D) These lipids form a barrier to water-soluble ions and water. 6. Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion? Choose the correct option. A) Selective ionic permeability B) Sodium potassium pump C) Electrical resistance D) Electrical conductance 7. How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals? Choose the correct option. A) Action potentials diminish over distance; passively conducted signals do not diminish over distance.B) Action potentials occur only in nerve cells; passively conducted signals occur only in muscle cells. C) Action potentials are transmitted over short distances; passively conducted signals are conducted over long distances. D) Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration. 8. How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option. A) Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out B) Pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out C) Exchanges a sodium ion and a potassium ion for a calcium ion D) Uses calcium ions to pump sodium ions and potassium ions against their concentration gradients 9. Which of the following mechanisms decrease intracellular [Ca2+]? Choose the correct option. A) The calcium pump B) Intracellular calcium-binding proteins C) Organelles that sequester cytosolic calcium ions D) All of the above 10. What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential? Choose the correct option. A) Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration B) Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient C) Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for a particular ion D) Difference in concentration between a region with a high ionic concentration and a region with a low ionic concentration11. What is the term used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+]o by astrocytes? Choose the correct option. A) Depolarization B) Potassium spatial buffering C) Blood-brain barrier D) Goldman equation 12. Distinguish between the “head” and “tail” of phospholipids. Choose the correct option. A) Phospholipids have a nonpolar “head” and polar “tail.” B) The phospholipid's “head” contains hydrophilic phosphate and “tail” contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon. C) The phospholipid's “head” is hydrophobic and the hydrocarbon “tail” is hydrophilic. D) The phospholipid's “heads” face each other, and their “tails” face the watery extracellular and intracellular environments. 13. In which condition do astrocytes take up extracellular K+? Choose the correct option. A) When extracellular potassium concentrations rise B) When extracellular potassium concentrations fall C) When there is a potassium equilibrium potential D) All of the above 14. Which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels? Choose the correct option. A) Number of protein molecules assembling to form a pore B) Number of ion channels in the membrane C) Nature of the R groups lining the ion channel D) Gating properties 15. Both neurons and muscle cells have excitable membranes. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Protein shape influences protein function. True or false? A) True B) False17. Peptide bonds are a chain of a single amino acid. True or false? A) True B) False 18. The differences between amino acids result from the differences in the size and nature of the R groups. True or false? A) True B) False 19. The subunits of different potassium channels have common structural features that bestow selectivity for K+ ions. A is one such structural feature. 20. All amino acids have a central (alpha) Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. pore loop 20. carbon atom.1. How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of the falling phase? Choose the correct option. A) 2 nanoseconds B) 2 msec C) 2 seconds D) 2 microseconds 2. What is meant by the action potential threshold? Choose the correct option. A) Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential B) Critical level of hyperpolarization required to trigger an action potential C) The action potential threshold is the same as the generator potential. D) Critical level at which electrical current is injected through a microelectrode 3. What is the absolute refractory period? Choose the correct option. A) The period when the firing frequency is at about 1000 Hz B) The time period of about 1 msec after an action potential before another one can be initiated C) The time period of several milliseconds when it is difficult to initiate another action potential due to sodium channel inactivation D) The time period when the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close 4. The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential? Choose the correct option. A) Inward Na+ B) Outward K+ C) Outward Na+ D) Inward K+ 5. How does the sodium channel selectivity filter differentiate between Na+ and K+ ions? Choose the correct option. A) The sodium channel identifies K+ ions as having the wrong charge. B) The K+ ions are stripped of all their water molecules, but the Na+ ions are not. C) The sodium channel admits a Na+ water complex, with the water serving as a molecular chaperone through the channel. D) K+ ions are excluded by voltage gating.6. How does tetrodotoxin (TTX) affect channels? Choose the correct option. A) TTX blocks K+ channels. B) TTX blocks Na+ channels. C) TTX blocks Cl– channels. D) TTX sensitizes voltage-gated Na+ channels. 7. How have toxins been used as a research tool? Choose the correct option. A) As an experimental treatment for epilepsy B) To deliver foreign genes within a test animal C) To study the consequences of enhancing action potentials D) To study the consequences of blocking action potentials 8. How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open? Choose the correct option. A) Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 3 msec after depolarization. B) Voltage-gated potassium channels open as soon as the membrane is depolarized beyond threshold. C) Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 1 msec after the membrane is depolarized. D) Voltage-gated potassium channels open when action potentials fire at maximal frequency. 9. What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential? Choose the correct option. A) Voltage-gated potassium channels maintain the resting membrane potential. B) Voltage-gated potassium channels help depolarize the membrane toward the threshold for an action potential. C) Voltage-gated potassium channels interfere with sodium conductance. D) Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after the spike. 10. How does myelin help increase conduction velocity? Choose the correct option. A) It provides electrical insulation. B) It makes the membrane more excitable. C) It contains voltage-gated sodium channels. D) It increases axonal diameter.11. Why do action potentials travel in only one direction? Choose the correct option. A) The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated potassium channels. B) The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated sodium channels. C) Membrane proteins are destroyed when an action potential fires and it takes time to replace them. D) There is not enough sodium in the extracellular space after an action potential has just fired. 12. Where is the spike-initiation zone in a typical neuron? Choose the correct option. A) The axon hillock B) The axon terminal C) The cell body D) The part of the neuron where the dendrites originate from the soma 13. What property of the voltage-gated potassium channels allows K+ ions to pass? Choose the correct option. A) Two polypeptide subunits are synthesized when the membrane is depolarized, allowing K+ ions to pass. B) Depolarization causes the subunits to temporarily disintegrate so that K+ ions can pass through the membrane. C) The voltage-gated potassium channels open when the polypeptide subunits are disinhibited. D) Depolarization causes the four polypeptide subunits specific to the voltage-gated K+ channel to twist into a shape that allows K+ ions to pass. 14. Optogenetic techniques have been developed allowing researchers to do which of the following by introducing foreign genes into test animals? Choose the correct option. A) Cause selected neurons to glow in response to blue light B) Dramatically reduce the rate of neuronal firing in response to blue light C) Open ion channels in response to blue light D) Close ion channels in response to blue light 15. The spike-initiation zone in most peripheral sensory neurons occurs near the sensory nerve ending. True or false? A) True B) False16. The size of the giant axon of the squid illustrates that neural pathways that are important for survival have unusually large axons. True or false? A) True B) False 17. The firing frequency of action potentials reflects the magnitude of the depolarizing current. True or false? A) True B) False 18. In myelinated axons, action potentials are conducted slowly. This type of action potential propagation is called saltatory conduction. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Saxitoxin is a channel-blocking toxin produced by the dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyaulax. A) True B) False 20. Neurons vary in shape, size, gene expression, and connections, but all have identical electrical properties. True or false? A) True B) False Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B1. Identify the neuroscientists who first proved the existence of electrical synapses. Choose the correct option. A) Edwin Furshpan and David Potter B) Bernard Katz and John Eccles C) Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley D) Toshio Narahashi and Otto Loewi 2. What types of cells can a neuron communicate with at a synapse? Choose the correct option. A) Only another neuron B) Only a muscle cell C) Only a glandular cell D) Another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell 3. What is the function of a gap junction between neurons? Choose the correct option. A) Chemical synapse between the neurons B) Electrical synapse between the neurons C) To join the cytoplasm of two neurons D) To provide a conduit for mRNA between the neurons 4. What is the other name for dense-core vesicles? Choose the correct option. A) Secretory granules B) Synaptic cleft C) Any presynaptic element D) Postsynaptic vesicles 5. Why are neuromuscular junctions such reliable synapses? Choose the correct option. A) Because the axon terminal is relatively small B) Because the presynaptic terminal contains a small number of active zones C) Because the motor end-plate narrows to a single point D) Because the axon terminal is large and the presynaptic terminal contains a large number of active zones6. What are transporters? What is their role? Choose the correct option. A) Enzymes that synthesize neurotransmitters from metabolic precursors; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft B) Synthesizing enzymes for both amino acid and amine neurotransmitters; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle C) Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for synthesizing neurotransmitters D) Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle 7. Which of the following channels in the active zones of the synaptic terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles? Choose the correct option. A) Sodium channels B) Potassium channels C) Voltage-gated calcium channels D) Voltage-gated sodium channels 8. Under what conditions are peptide neurotransmitters generally released from the synaptic terminal? Choose the correct option. A) With every action potential B) Only within 1 in 100 action potentials C) Only with high-frequency trains of action potentials D) Only with low-frequency trains of action potentials 9. What are second messengers? Choose the correct option. A) Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol B) Voltage-gated ion channels C) Peptide neurotransmitters D) Special proteins that span a 3 nm gap between two cell membranes 10. How are released neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft? Choose the correct option. A) Enzymatic destruction and diffusion B) Exocytosis C) Endocytosis D) Both exocytosis and endocytosis11. How do nerve gases interfere with synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction? Choose the correct option. A) By blocking transmitter-gated ion channels at the neuromuscular junction B) By inhibiting the enzyme AChE C) By increasing the availability of AChE D) By exhausting the number of synaptic vesicles in the synaptic terminal 12. What is synaptic integration? Choose the correct option. A) A method of comparing the amplitudes of miniature postsynaptic potentials B) Adding together all IPSPs generated by a single neuron C) Adding together all EPSPs generated by a single neuron D) A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron 13. Quantal analysis shows that a single action potential at the neuromuscular junction causes an EPSP of 40 mV or more, compared to only a few tenths of a millivolt at many CNS synapses. What accounts for this difference? Choose the correct option. A) A larger number of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses B) A larger number of transmitter molecules within the synaptic vesicles of a motor neuron compared with CNS synapses C) Larger receptors at the neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses D) A larger synaptic cleft at neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses 14. What is the effect of activating G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors? Choose the correct option. A) No effect unless multiple EPSPs occur B) Activate enzymes only at the neuromuscular junction C) Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that synthesize second messengers D) Inhibit depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron 15. Protein phosphorylation can change the conformation of a protein, thereby changing its activity. True or false? A) True B) False16. If the postsynaptic cell is an interneuron that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter, the excitation of the cell will result in an action potential in its synaptic targets. True or false? A) True B) False 17. The effectiveness of an excitatory synapse in triggering an action potential depends on how near the synapse is to the spike-initiation zone and the properties of the dendritic membrane. True or false? A) True B) False 18. Second messengers can alter cellular metabolism by activating additional enzymes in the cytosol. True or false? A) True B) False 19. Opening of the chloride channel allows Cl– ions to cross the membrane, bringing the membrane potential toward the equilibrium potential, ECl, about –65 mV. If the membrane potential was less negative than –65 mV when the transmitter was released, the activation of these channels would cause a IPSP. 20. Most neurotransmitters fall into one of the three chemical categories: , and . Answer Key 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. chloride, hyperpolarizing 20. amino acids, amines, peptides _,1. What is microiontophoresis? Choose the correct option. A) Method of miniaturizing the brain for more efficient study B) Method of removing small amounts of neurotransmitter from the synaptic terminal C) Method of applying small amounts of neurotransmitter candidates to the surface of neurons D) Movement of ions over extremely small distances 2. Brain slices can be bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate neurotransmitter release. Why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution? Choose the correct option. A) Ca2+ causes a large membrane depolarization. B) Ca2+ helps keep the brain slices alive. C) Transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal. D) Ca2+ stimulates many synapses in a region of the brain. 3. Which of the following describes immunocytochemistry? Choose the correct option. A) A method of localizing specific mRNA transcripts for proteins B) The use of antibodies to visualize specific molecules within the brain cells C) The use of radioactivity to localize neurotransmitters and their synthesizing enzymes D) A method used to assess the postsynaptic actions of a transmitter candidate 4. Which chemical structure is present in all catecholaminergic neurons? Choose the correct option. A) Adrenaline B) Dopamine C) Catechol D) Norepinephrine 5. What is unusual about endocannabinoids or endogenous cannabinoids? Choose the correct option. A) They are retrograde messengers by which postsynaptic neurons act on presynaptic terminals. B) They play an important role in the brain systems that regulate vital functions such as breathing. C) They contain a chemical structure called catechol. D) They float in the membrane-like adenylyl cyclase.6. Why does ACh slow the heart rate? Choose the correct option. A) It stimulates muscarinic receptors that open potassium channels. B) It stimulates muscarinic receptors that close potassium channels. C) It stimulates nicotinic receptors that open potassium channels. D) It stimulates nicotinic receptors that close potassium channels. 7. Why are G-protein-gated ion channels called “the shortcut pathway”? Choose the correct option. A) Because they are faster than neurotransmitter-gated ion channels B) Because they do not involve any other chemical intermediaries C) Because of their effects on the second messenger cascade D) Because they activate downstream enzymes that alter neuronal function 8. Which of the following statements about the nicotinic and muscarinic receptor subtypes is correct? Choose the correct option. A) Nicotinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas muscarinic receptors are found in the cardiac muscle. B) Muscarinic receptors are found in the skeletal muscle, whereas nicotinic receptors are found in the cardiac muscle. C) Nicotinic receptors are antagonized by atropine. D) Muscarinic receptors are antagonized by curare. 9. Where is ChAT produced? Choose the correct option. A) Axon terminal B) Soma C) Synaptic vesicles D) Postsynaptic membrane 10. Which of the following could serve as the ligand in the ligand-binding methods of studying neurotransmitter receptors? Choose the correct option. A) Only an agonist B) Only an antagonist C) Only a neurotransmitter D) An agonist, antagonist, or neurotransmitter 11. Which of the following is a glutamate receptor subtype? Choose the correct option. A) NMDA receptor B) Nicotinic receptor C) Muscarinic receptor D) Opioid receptor 12. Which of the following is a difference in AMPA and NMDA glutamate-gated channels? Choose the correct option. A) NMDA-gated channels are not permeable to Ca2+. B) The inward current through AMPA-gated channels is voltage-dependent.C) The activation of NMDA receptors can cause widespread and lasting changes in the postsynaptic neuron. D) NMDA-gated channels are permeable to both Na+ and Ca2+. 13. Which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS? Choose the correct option. A) GABA and glycine B) Glutamate and glycine C) GABA and glutamate D) Glycine and glycerine 14. With in situ hybridization, a synthetic probe is constructed containing a sequence of complementary nucleotides that will allow it to stick to the mRNA. True or false? A) True B) False 15. The transmission of G-protein-coupled receptors involves only two steps: binding to the receptor protein and activation of G-proteins. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Dale's principle states that a neuron has at least two different neurotransmitters. True or false? A) True B) False 17. GABAergic neurons are the major source of synaptic inhibition in the nervous system. True or false? A) True B) False18. The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for three different amine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. True or false? A) True B) False 19. All catecholaminergic neurons contain the enzyme first step in catecholamine synthesis, the conversion to that catalyzes the . 20. The choline transporter is a neuronal membrane transporter that shuttles from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the axon terminal. On the other hand, the ACh transporter concentrates the neurotransmitter in the . Both move the transmitter molecules against their Answer Key 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa 20. choline, synaptic vesicles, concentration gradients .1. Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand? Choose the correct option. A) Right B) Left C) Frontal D) Dorsal 2. Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing? Choose the correct option. A) Cerebellum B) Cerebrum C) Brain stem D) Meninges 3. Axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. Which of the following represents an efferent projection? Choose the correct option. A) Sensory input to the spinal cord B) Motor output from the spinal cord C) Interneurons in the spinal cord D) Sensory input to the spinal cord, motor output from the spinal cord, and interneurons in the spinal cord 4. At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord? Choose the correct option. A) Dorsal roots B) Ventral roots C) Dorsal root ganglia D) Ventral root ganglia 5. Which of the following is a “functional” imaging technique capable of detecting changes in blood flow or metabolism? Choose the correct option. A) X-rays B) Computed tomography C) Diffusion tensor imaging D) Positron emission tomography6. Which membrane lies closest to the brain? Choose the correct option. A) Meninges B) Dura mater C) Arachnoid D) Pia mater 7. Where is CSF produced? Choose the correct option. A) Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles B) Subarachnoid space C) Diencephalon D) Arachnoid villi 8. What is one of the advantages of MRI over CT scanning? Choose the correct option. A) MRI is faster than CT scanning. B) MRI yields more shades of gray in an image than CT scanning. C) MRI produces images of brain slices. D) MRI yields a more detailed map of the brain. 9. The central nervous system develops from which embryonic tissue? Choose the correct option. A) Neural crest B) Ectoderm C) Mesoderm D) Endoderm 10. Which major white matter system forms an axonal bridge linking the cerebral hemispheres? Choose the correct option. A) Dorsal columns B) Corpus callosum C) Internal capsule D) Posterior capsule 11. What is neurulation? Choose the correct option. A) Neuron genesis B) Synaptogenesis C) The process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube D) The process by which the neural crest becomes the neural tube12. The retinas of the eyes develop from which of the following embryonic zones? Choose the correct option. A) Telencephalon B) Prosencephalon C) Mesencephalon D) Neural crest 13. Which of the following is derived from “telencephalon”? Choose the correct option. A) Eyes B) Thalamus C) Cerebral hemispheres D) Hypothalamus 14. Which of the following is the most posterior cerebral lobe in the brain? Choose the correct option. A) Occipital lobe B) Temporal lobe C) Parietal lobe D) Frontal lobe 15. The retina is part of the peripheral nervous system. True or false? A) True B) False 16. Neurons in the olfactory bulbs are often referred to as the gateway to the cerebral cortex. True or false? A) True B) False 17. Damage to the corticospinal tract in the midbrain on one side produces a loss of voluntary control of movement on the opposite side of the body. True or false? A) True B) False 18. Brodmann constructed a cytoarchitectural map of the neocortex based on each area with a common cytoarchitecture. True or false? A) True B) False19. The three primary embryonic vesicles are the prosencephalon or the mesencephalon or the , the , and the rhombencephalon or the 20. The crossing of axons of each pyramidal tract from one side of the midline to the other where the medulla joins the spinal cord is called the . Answer Key 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain 20. pyramidal decussation .1. What are chemoreceptors? Choose the correct option. A) Cells releasing hormones into the extracellular environment B) Chemically sensitive cells that serve as sensory receptors C) Chemically sensitive cells that mediate synapses at the neuromuscular junction D) Special types of muscle cells sensitive to chemical changes in the extracellular milieu 2. What changes occur in taste receptors when the membrane is depolarized during receptor potential? Choose the correct option. A) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitter. B) Voltage-gated K+ channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitter. C) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter. D) Voltage-gated K+ channels open, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter. 3. Identify the causative agent for acidity and sourness. Choose the correct option. A) High pH B) Na+ C) Anions D) Protons (H+) 4. Identify the difference between sweet receptors and bitter receptors. Choose the correct option. A) G-protein-coupled receptors are present in bitter receptors. B) Bitter receptors have only T2R, whereas sweet receptors have T1R2 and T1R3. C) The second messenger pathway activation is different. D) The transduction mechanisms are different. 5. How does the brain distinguish between alternative tastes? Choose the correct option. A) Only by precisely labeled lines B) Only by population coding C) By frequency distribution D) By roughly labeled lines and population coding 6. What is the function of odorant-binding proteins in the mucus? Choose the correct option. A) May concentrate odorants B) May bind to viruses and bacteria C) Generate new receptor cells D) Produce the mucus7. What is the consequence of knocking out critical proteins of the olfactory cAMP pathway in mice? Choose the correct option. A) Odorants diffuse away. B) Anosmia occurs. C) Channels in cilia are sensitized. D) Receptor cells degenerate. 8. What mechanism(s) does the brain use to distinguish between smells? Choose the correct option. A) Only olfactory maps B) Only temporal code C) Only population code D) Olfactory map, temporal code, and population code 9. What is meant by the threshold concentration for taste stimuli? Choose the correct option. A) The concentration that evokes bitter versus sweet taste B) The concentration that excites the glomerulus C) The concentration that evokes perception of taste D) The concentration at which selectivity decreases 10. Which of the following occurs during sour taste transduction? Choose the correct option. A) K+ influx depolarizes the cell. B) Ca2+ influx depolarizes the cell. C) Na+ influx depolarizes the cell. D) H+ influx depolarizes the cell. 11. Why do we not confuse the tastes of bitter chemicals with sweet ones? Choose the correct option. A) The receptor proteins are expressed in different cells. B) The chemicals activate different second messenger systems. C) There are 30 types of bitter receptors. D) The tastes are differentiated by the olfactory cortex.12. Which cranial nerve(s) carry taste information