NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN COLLEGE FINAL EXAM LATEST

NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN COLLEGE FINAL EXAM LATEST Explain primary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people Explain secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Explain tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER-"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition What are examples of primary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vaccinations and Handwashing What are examples of secondary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER-PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram What are examples of tertiary prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER-Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU. What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response? - CORRECT ANSWER-Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action Explain the role of the nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER-control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins Explain the role of the mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER-Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA Explain the role of the ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER-produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein Explain the role of the lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues Explain the role of the rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER-folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane Explain the role of the smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER-helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage Explain the role of the peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER-membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes Explain the role of the Golgi body - CORRECT ANSWER-stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell Explain passive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection What are examples of passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy Explain active immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity What are examples of active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vaccinations Explain what edema is - CORRECT ANSWER-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling What are some causes of edema? - CORRECT ANSWER-increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite. What are factors that contribute to edema? - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage What is a hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgE Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER-antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER-hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis. Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-immune complexes Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-RA, lupus What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines. Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-delayed cell mediated Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-TB test, contact dermatitis Characteristics of benign tumors - CORRECT ANSWER-Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated Characteristics of malignant tumors - CORRECT ANSWER-usually cancerous. They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis. Anaplasia, metastasis S/S of peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWER-epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis What is H.pylori? - CORRECT ANSWER-has a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal What is a functional bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER-problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER-blockage of the bowel inhibiting movement. adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception adhesions - CORRECT ANSWER-bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated in the bowel hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-Protrusion of bowel through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it volvus - CORRECT ANSWER-twisting of the bowel Intusseption - CORRECT ANSWER-telescoping of the intestines S/S of appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point and rebound tenderness when one presses on the belly button and hip region and when the pressure is removed, the client has pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection