BIOD 121 MODULE 1 EXAM NUTRITION PORTAGE LEARNING COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION

BIOD 121 MODULE 1 EXAM NUTRITION PORTAGE LEARNING COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION What is nutrition? - CORRECT ANSWER-Nutrition by definition is the science that links foods to health and disease. When is nutrition important? - CORRECT ANSWER-from conception to death When considering one's health, five dimensions can be evaluated: physical health, intellectual health, emotional health, social health, and spiritual health. - CORRECT ANSWER-physical health - body's ability to perform daily functions for survival intellectual health - the cognitive ability to learn and adapt emotional health - the ability to express or suppress emotion social health - ability to interact with others spiritual health - purpose for human existence, cultural practices What is the difference between food and nutrients? - CORRECT ANSWER-Food provides energy in terms of calories, while nutrients are substances found in food that provide the materials for building and maintaining our bodies and regulating of key metabolic processes that sustain life. What two motives drive people to eat certain foods? (it isn't nutritional value) - CORRECT ANSWER-taste and texture Nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-substances in food Why do we get hungry? - CORRECT ANSWER-1) hunger 2) appetite hunger - CORRECT ANSWER-internal drive often experienced as a negative sensation such as churning, growling, or a painful sensation in the stomach appetite - CORRECT ANSWER-external drive often related to pleasant sensations associated with food and can lead us to eat even if we are not hungry satiety - CORRECT ANSWER-the feeling of being full hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER-a region of the brain that plays a role in hunger as well the feeling of being full gastrointestinal tract (GI) - CORRECT ANSWER-the main site in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients stomach - CORRECT ANSWER-plays a major role in satiety and weight regulation (expands as it starts to fill with food adding to the feeling of satiety) hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-compounds secreted into the bloodstream by one type of cell that acts to control the function of another type of cell. Hormones that increase hunger - CORRECT ANSWER-ghrelin, endorphins, neuropeptide-Y Hormones that decrease hunger (cause satiety) - CORRECT ANSWER-leptin, serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK) Leptin - CORRECT ANSWER-alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal - produced in adipose cells (fat cells) Ghrelin - CORRECT ANSWER-is produced by the stomach and has an opposing role: Traveling to the brain, it stimulates the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center appetite is defined as - CORRECT ANSWER-psychological external influences that encourage us to find food and consume it In general, there are four types of external forces that influence our eating habits: - CORRECT ANSWERsensory, cognitive, environmental, health status sensory - CORRECT ANSWER-flavor, texture, and appearance - taste (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, or umami (ooh-ma-mee) - umami means meaty sensation. This is very individualized. Some people prefer salty foods while others opt for sweet. Our taste preferences are mainly determined by our genetic makeup.) - smell - texture (soft, hard, crunchy, or slimy) - color - moisture - temperature cognitive - CORRECT ANSWER-Habits: Routines are tied to our food choices. Most of us eat about 100 basic foods. Most often the habits are learned from family routines. What you eat likely reflects eating habits learned from your parents. Comfort foods: Early influences expose us to a variety of foods that we relate to people, places, and events. Many of our diet habits begin during childhood, and the memories carry through for the rest of our lives. Consuming our favorite foods can make us feel better, provide security, decrease anxiety, and relieve stress. Positive or negative feelings associated with particular foods may begin in childhood but persist throughout our lifetime. Advertising: This is a major media tool used to influence our food choices in terms of intake as well as what we purchase. Advertisements aimed at children are a major marketing strategy. The U.S. food industry spends billions of dollars each year on advertising. Some of the most popular food items advertised are high in sugar or fat. Social factors: It is rare to attend any type of social event and not find food. The occasion may be happy, sad, or business related, but society seems to dictate that food must be served. Social factors have a strong influence on what we eat. Much of this is learned from parents and influenced by peers. In addition, time is limited for many of us, and the food industry has responded by providing many convenient options for consumers. Supermarkets now provide many options for time-pressed consumers in the form of microwavable meals and snacks, prepackaged vegetables, quick prep frozen products, and home-style meals. Nutritional value: Individual choices can be determined by stage in the life cycle, health status, educational background, and social status. Nutrition information provided on food labels can aid consumers who are trying to make environmental - CORRECT ANSWER-Economics: This plays a major role in our food choices. Families with higher incomes typically spend more money on meals eaten away from home. The types of food purchased are often affected by income. Lifestyle: Nuclear family, single-parent household, single-career women, and elderly individuals all have different lifestyles. Time, convenience, and income influence our lifestyles and food choices. Cultural/religious beliefs: Culture defines our attitudes, and it is the strongest influence on food preferences. Food may have a symbolic meaning related to family traditions, social status, experience, customs, and health. The culture in which we are raised has a major impact on what foods we prefer. In all cultures, eating is a primary way of maintaining social relationships. Environment: For many of us a weekly trip to the supermarket is taken for granted. However, people who live in very rural or inner-city areas may not have a grocery store near. In this instance, choices become very limited, and it is difficult to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables as well as other staples at reasonable costs. Location and climate affect food costs, which in turn determines food choice. health status - CORRECT ANSWER-- physical restrictions related to disease - declining taste sensitivity related to age or medications - age and gender Nutrients in food are vital to our well-being as they are used by our bodies to - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) promote growth and development; (2) maintain tissue, cells, and bone; (3) fuel the body for physical and metabolic work; (4) regulate body processes essential nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-nutrients that are vital for sustaining our health -there are 45 of these There are six classes of nutrients that serve three general functions: - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) to provide energy, (2) to regulate body processes, (3) to contribute to cellular and body structure Nutrients can be also classified as - CORRECT ANSWER-macronutrients or micronutrients, organic or inorganic macronutrient - CORRECT ANSWER-needed in large amounts in the body micronutrient - CORRECT ANSWER-needed in small amounts in the body organic - CORRECT ANSWER-a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen inorganic - CORRECT ANSWER-any substance that does not contain carbon carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER--compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -complex or simple forms found in sugars and starches -broken down into glucos (a source of energy for tissues and cells) - function: primary source of energy - sources: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and legums lipids - CORRECT ANSWER-- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - triglycerides (fats or oils), cholesterol, and phospholipids - function: energy source, structure, and regulation - sources: meats, dairy products, legumes, vegetables, and grains vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER-- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and may contain other elements - fat soluble: A, D, E, K -water soluble: B vitamins and vitamin C - function: regulation