First 3 variables: same effect for different cultures
educational background, first generation, test language at home
Perceived cultural distance: biggest effect for supportive cultures (policies support
immigrants) => surprising
Poss. bc. < pressure for assimilation
Unsupportive cultures - “we don’t like any of you, you should assimilate” => forced
unity
For supportive cultures the cultural distance matters
Mainstream orientation: affects the most in moderately supportive countries
Poss. bc. they don’t push in either direction
Ethnic orientation: positive effect in both supportive & unsupportive countries
Unsupportive; want you to comply w/ host culture but it’s difficult (closed off), so
you =/= associate w/ mainstream culture
HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis 1: The association between mainstream orientation and school belonging is
expected to be stronger in countries lower on multicultural policies
Country w/ high multicultural policies: ethnic orientation & mainstream pos. Rel. to
sense of school belonging
More acceptance for ethnic orientation, < stereotype threat
Country w/ low multicultural policies: only mainstream orientation pos. Rel. to sense
of school belonging
Less acceptance, > stereotype threat, > individual mobility strategies
Outcome: supported, but differs per country
Hypothesis 2: Higher sense of school belonging is associated w/ more school favourable
attitudes (less truancy, > mathematics achievement) => mediation effect of higher school
belonging on relation acculturation and school adjustment
Outcome: supported
THEME 7: PART 1
,STAGES OF MIGRATION
VULNERABILITY FOR MENTAL ILLNES FACTORS AT EACH STAGE
, Premigration
- whether their migration was voluntary (‘pull’) or involuntary (‘push’).
- Personality; when you can adapt easily and when you have high self-esteem/stable self-
concept, this can positively influence the decision to migrate.
- Skills deficit; when you don’t have the necessary skills to adapt, you will develop mental
illness quicker
- Persecution = hostility and ill-treatment, especially on the basis of ethnicity
Migration
- Loss of social support: when you’re travelling alone, you lose everyone around you.
- PTSD: if you’ve had PTSD before the migration process, this can affect your mental health
negative during the migration process.
- -> You can also develop trauma/PTSD in the migration process: this makes it harder to adjust
later.
- bereavement (verlies) issues related to loss of relationships, assets and support have a
negative influence
Postmigration
- Culture shock and culture conflict negatively affect your wellbeing
- whether you find employment that matches your educational level from your own country.
- -> When you’re forced to migrate, you might get a job that is below your capacities. This
causes stress.
RESILIENCE FACTORS AT EACH STAGE
Premigration
educational background, first generation, test language at home
Perceived cultural distance: biggest effect for supportive cultures (policies support
immigrants) => surprising
Poss. bc. < pressure for assimilation
Unsupportive cultures - “we don’t like any of you, you should assimilate” => forced
unity
For supportive cultures the cultural distance matters
Mainstream orientation: affects the most in moderately supportive countries
Poss. bc. they don’t push in either direction
Ethnic orientation: positive effect in both supportive & unsupportive countries
Unsupportive; want you to comply w/ host culture but it’s difficult (closed off), so
you =/= associate w/ mainstream culture
HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis 1: The association between mainstream orientation and school belonging is
expected to be stronger in countries lower on multicultural policies
Country w/ high multicultural policies: ethnic orientation & mainstream pos. Rel. to
sense of school belonging
More acceptance for ethnic orientation, < stereotype threat
Country w/ low multicultural policies: only mainstream orientation pos. Rel. to sense
of school belonging
Less acceptance, > stereotype threat, > individual mobility strategies
Outcome: supported, but differs per country
Hypothesis 2: Higher sense of school belonging is associated w/ more school favourable
attitudes (less truancy, > mathematics achievement) => mediation effect of higher school
belonging on relation acculturation and school adjustment
Outcome: supported
THEME 7: PART 1
,STAGES OF MIGRATION
VULNERABILITY FOR MENTAL ILLNES FACTORS AT EACH STAGE
, Premigration
- whether their migration was voluntary (‘pull’) or involuntary (‘push’).
- Personality; when you can adapt easily and when you have high self-esteem/stable self-
concept, this can positively influence the decision to migrate.
- Skills deficit; when you don’t have the necessary skills to adapt, you will develop mental
illness quicker
- Persecution = hostility and ill-treatment, especially on the basis of ethnicity
Migration
- Loss of social support: when you’re travelling alone, you lose everyone around you.
- PTSD: if you’ve had PTSD before the migration process, this can affect your mental health
negative during the migration process.
- -> You can also develop trauma/PTSD in the migration process: this makes it harder to adjust
later.
- bereavement (verlies) issues related to loss of relationships, assets and support have a
negative influence
Postmigration
- Culture shock and culture conflict negatively affect your wellbeing
- whether you find employment that matches your educational level from your own country.
- -> When you’re forced to migrate, you might get a job that is below your capacities. This
causes stress.
RESILIENCE FACTORS AT EACH STAGE
Premigration
