NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam (2023/2024) Graded A

NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS) Exam (2023/2024) Graded A Behaviorism people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments. Reinforcement meant to increase a good behavior; a reward Punishment meant to decrease bad behavior Positive reinforcement involves giving someone something that he or she wants Negative reinforcement taking away something that someone does not want Positive punishment involves giving someone something that he or she does not want Negative punishment involves taking away something that someone does want Extinction decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button Constructivism a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world Social learning learning through interactions with other people Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them Project-based learning (PBL) focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to the problem 4 Steps to PBL 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan. Critical Theory a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society Critical theory in education is about questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people Problems with access to technology poorer schools can have a harder time getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students. Humanism a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential. Self-Directed Learning involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important. Extrinsic motivators things outside of a person that motivate them to do something. Self-evaluation thoughtful assessment of one's own work lifelong learners people who continue to learn even after they leave school Learning involves storing and accessing information in memory information processing theory of learning information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory working memory storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past long-term memory memories that are stored for a person to access later cognitive load having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember anything chunking grouping information together to help remember it Automaticity process of making a task automatic Pragmatism an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people practical learning education should apply to the real world experiential learning education should come through experience Progressivism the idea that education does from the experience of the child whole child teaching students to be good citizens and not just good learners active learning curriculum that is guided by the children Realism a philosophy started by the ancient Greek writer, Aristotle. It states that there is a true reality, and things exist whether humans perceive them or not. Educational realism the belief that we should study logic, critical thinking, and the scientific method to teach students to perceive and understand reality. Heavy emphasis on math and science scientific method process of setting and testing hypotheses inquiry the ability to formulate a question Connectionism an educational philosophy that says that learning is a product of the relationship between stimulus and response Stimulus something that causes a reaction response a reaction to a stimulus Edward Thorndike psychologist in first half of the 20th center who first proposed that connectionism is key to learning. He was the first educational psychologist Stimulus-response bond (S-R bond) the connection between stimulus and response, the better a person has learned the lesson. Law of effect the first of three laws of connectionism. If a stimulus results in a positive outcome, it strengthens the S-R bond, while if it results in a negative outcome, the S-R bond is weakened. Law of exercise the more you do something the better you are at it. 'Practice makes perfect!' Law of readiness S-R bonds are stronger if an individual is ready to learn. That is, a student who is not ready to learn will often not learn, but when a student is mentally prepared to learn, it is likely that they will. Learner-centered classrooms Classrooms in which the student is the focus of all activities and learning, with the teacher acting as a facilitator and guide on the side. Why is it important to know you r students interests and career goals in high school? So you can tailor your instruction and relationship toward helming them achieve those goals. learning programs lessons and activities in the classroom When designing learning programs, teachers need to make sure they consider several aspects about students, including: student needs; student backgrounds; student perspectives; and student interests. In order to create an environment that supports learning for all her students, she needs to pay special attention to several things: 1. Curriculum and instruction is determined in response to students' needs and perspectives. 2. Instruction is based on student learner profiles. 3. Lessons are designed to build on background knowledge. Learning activities events students participate in that support learning, considering the students' unique needs and perspectives. differentiate change up content learning objectives topics that are required to cover learner profile students' cultures, genders, learning styles, and other aspects all go into making them who they are and contribute to how they learn To differentiate for students, a teacher can: 1. differentiate teaching methods so different styles of learning, such as tactile and auditory, are incorporated. 2. teach in whole and small group situations. 3. reinforce learning in one-on-one learning sessions 4. Allow students varying methods of showing their understanding of content, such as presentations and tests. background knowledge what is already known schema thoughts that students already have about a topic Learner-centered teachers shift the teacher's role from being a provider of information to being a facilitator of learnign Why is learner-centered teaching important? 1. You increase each student's motivation to remain engaged in the learning process 2. learner-centered teaching fosters independence 3. it allows for individual differences in student learning styles 4. social engagement is greatly increased. Characteristics of learner-centered teachers are 1. engages students in the preview, review, and evaluation of work. 2. explicitly teaches skills. 3. gets students to think about how they learn 4. allows students control over their own learning process 5. encourages collaboration collaborative learning environment students know their own and each other's strengths and struggles. Diversity in the classroom cultural diversity, but also diversity in skills, knowledge, and needs Who should you consult with if you are struggling to meet a certain student's needs? A specialist in the area the student is struggling How van you learn about your students' cultural backgrounds? Talk to the student's parents and families self-esteem self-worth; how someone feels about themselves role-model a person who serves as an example that others should imitate behavior expectations how the teacher wants the students to act in class How can teachers be good role-models to promote positive interactions among students? show respect to students What should teachers establish that lets students know how they're expected to act? behavior expectations