US History 1 CLEP Study Guide

Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans - Answer-Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England because they didn't want to sit next to the "damned", led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth (1620) Northwest Passage - Answer-Believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth Roald Amundsen () - Answer-Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by... Conversion Experience - Answer-The spiritual practice of being reborn. Puritans believed that only saints could join Puritan congregations, so all the members had to undergo conversion experience that was known as santification. This took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church. Social Reciprocity - Answer-Society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately (like in the Scarlet Letter how they punishes Hester but still let her live in the town) but it is also the act of people treating others as they themselves wish to be treated. It was an ideology invented by the Puritans in order to care for the less fortunate Church of England (1534) - Answer-Protestant/Anglican church, Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife. It was/is a Church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; it shifted toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty. Atlantic slave trade - Answer-Often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Colombian Exchange. Purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. - Answer-The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people. Colombian Exchange - Answer-The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages Jamestown (1607) - Answer-The first permanent and successful English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers (1610). - Answer-The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London (1620). The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop. John Smith (1608) - Answer-He is predominately known for introducing work ethic, sanitation, and diplomacy to local Native American tribes to the Jamestown settlement. He had fought the Spanish and Turks. His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing. John Smith took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. - Answer-Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. Smith therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat." Pocahontas () - Answer-She was key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617. She was a Native Indian of America. She was the daughter of Chief Powahatan and was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him (about ); Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations. Mayflower Compact (1620) - Answer-This was the foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land. This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule. John Winthrop - Answer-Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill"("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay. As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop () was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. "City on a Hill" - Answer-Was said to be an exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs. This was a Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world Indentured servants - Answer-People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free; head right system